Unit VII An Age of Anxiety in Mass Society

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Unit VII An Age of Anxiety in Mass Society
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Mass Society

• Population
• birthrates increased until 1880s decreased death
  rates especially infant mortality
• 60 million emigrated from poorer regions Italy,
  Ireland Eastern Europe

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• Crowded Tenements

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Mass Society

• Upper Class landed aristocrats
• mixed with big business
• Middle Class variety of levels
• believed in hard work, science, progress
• Christian morality the Victorian ideal of
  family togetherness
• Lower Class 80 of population
• were still peasants day laborers
• Social mobility was possible due to increased
  real wages!

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Urbanization

• Public Health raw sewage,
• over-crowding epidemics
• Chadwicks reforms eventually pushed for sewers
  and clean water Thomas Crapper
• Housing reforms planned housing Octavia Hill

• Sewers Sanitation

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Mass Industrialization

• Steel, electricity, telephone
• combustible engine dominated
• Germany took the lead in chemicals alkaloids
• 2 economics zones developed

• The Assembly Line

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Organized Labor

• Revised Socialism
• Eduard Bernstein
• Social Democratic Party
• Liebknecht Bebel
• (SPD)
• Trade Unions
• collective bargaining
• striking
• Anarchists

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Mass Economics

• Mass Consumerism
• advertising sales
• department stores
• 1870s 80s boom bust cycles
• protective tariffs
• cartels influence competition by controlling
  prices quantities
• 1895-1914 La Belle Époque

• Early Advertising

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The Woman Question

• Legally inferior economically dependent
  marriage was necessary
• Middle class working class orgs. tried to
  glorify role of domesticity women were
  responsible for morals the well-being of the
  family
• The New Woman renounced traditional roles
  followed rational perspective like suffrage
  contraceptives
• Emily Davison Pankhurst
• New white-collar job opportunities
• Nightingale Maria Montessori

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Emmeline Pankhurst

• Her husband children were all involved in the
  suffrage movement became militants were
  imprisoned
• 1917 formed the Womens Party
• Equal pay for equal work
• Equal marriage divorce laws
• Equality of rights opportunities in public
  service
• A national system of maternity benefits

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Mass Education

• Education became state-run
• systems compulsory
• An educated work force was more
• efficient productive
• Literacy increased, therefore media
• did too nationalism!
• Montessori Gymnasium schools
• Males taught manly curriculum
• while females were still taught
• domestic roles

• D-2 c.1890

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Mass Leisure

• Travel Brochure

• First Olympics - 1896

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Mass Leisure

• Amusement Parks

• Organized Sports

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Mass Leisure

• Dancehalls

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Mass Leisure

• Coney Island Beach

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Great Britain

• 1851 the era of Victorian England Lord
  Palmerstons chauvinism
• PM Benjamin Disraeli wanted to woo the lower
  classes to the Tories
• Reform Act of 1867
• lowered monetary requirements
• increased electorate from 1 to 2
• million
• 1868-94 PM William Gladstone
• apex of classic British Liberalism

• Queen Victoria

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Great Britain (cont)

• Great Britain evolution of
• liberalism (20th century)
• 1884 Reform Act
• 1880s Irish Home Rule
• 1904 Splendid Isolation ended
• Entente Cordial
• 1908 Fabian Socialists
• Labour Party

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Gladstones Ministry

• 1868 Army reform ? peacetime flogging was
  illegal
• 1869 Disestablishment Act ? Irish Catholics did
  not have to pay taxes to support the Anglican
  Church in Ireland
• 1870 Education Act ? elementary education made
  available to Welsh English children between
  5-13 years
• 1870 Irish Land Act ? curtailed absentee
  Protestant landowners from evicting their Irish
  Catholic tenants without compensation
• 1871 University Test Act ? non-Anglicans could
  attend universities

• 1872 Ballot Act ? secret ballot for local and
  general elections
• 1872 The settlement of the CSS Alabama claims
  from the American Civil War in Americas favor
• 1873 Legislation was passed that restructured
  the High Courts
• 1873 Civil service exams introduced for many
  government positions

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Beginnings of the Welfare State?

• Labours Agenda
• Gradual socialization of key industries
  utilities
• Workmans Compensation Act
• Minimum wage set
• Aid to dependent children the elderly
• Old age pension to all over 70
• National Insurance Act

How to pay for all of this?
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Imperial Britain
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Around the HornFrance

• France Third Republic had universal male
  suffrage a weak executive branch
• 1871 Paris Commune
• working class (Marxist) uprising opposed the
  republic
• Louise Michel 20,000 were crushed by the army
• 1870s 1880s seething with revenge from
  Franco-Prussian War

• Louise Michel

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The Communards
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Paris City Hall Destroyed
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Around the HornGermany

• Germany Bismarck prevented growth of more
  democratic practices attempted to woo workers by
  enacting social welfare (SPD) legislation
• Reichstag, the lower house, was elected by
  universal male suffrage the Bundestag was not
• The German army, mostly Prussian, considered
  themselves defenders of the monarchy
• 1890 Bismarck forced out by
• Wilhelm II

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• Kaiser Wilhelm II

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Around the HornRussia

• 1880s Alexander II assassinated
• Russification pogroms
• 1890s state sponsored rapid
• industrialization under Sergei Witte
• 1903 social revolutionaries
• split into Bolsheviks Mensheviks
• 1904 Russo-Japanese War
• 1905 Revolution of 1905

• Bloody Sunday

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Philosophy

• Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer
• inferior societies needed to be
• saved from extinction
• justified imperialism
• Religion urbanization caused a
• decline science evolution
• contradicted divine creation
• Pius IX was rigidly against
• modern ideas nationalism,
• socialism religious toleration

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Philosophy

• Background attacked optimistic
• progress, dethroned reason,
• glorified the irrational
• Nietzsche humans were at mercy of
• irrational impulses Christianity had
• enabled society God is dead
• supermen could use their own will
• to power move out of the herd
• Freud behavior was determined by the
• unconscious -id, ego, superego in
• conflict
• repressed memories sex
• pioneered the talking cure in dream analysis
  hypnosis

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Science Culture

• Background Enlightened ideas of
• science progress dominated
• but focus on alternative
• irrational caused anxiety
• Physics Marie Curies sub-atomic
• particles Max Plancks
• quantum theory paved the way
• for the new physics
• Einsteins theory of relativity

• Edvard Munch Scream

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Imperialism

• 1885-1914 Age of Imperialism
• markets resources
• save indigenous peoples
• international competition
• Scramble for Africa
• Belgium in the Congo
• Britains Cape to Cairo
• Boer War (1899)
• Asia
• Chinas Open Door
• British Rule in India
• Rise of Japan

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• The White Mans Burden

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ColonialRivalries
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Anti-Semitism

• c.1815 Jews granted civil rights
• many assimilated became
• successful business, law,
• education bought into
• nationalism
• some kept cultural identity
• especially in the East
• jealousy suspicion remained
• Dreyfus Affair (1894)
• 1880s pogroms in Eastern Europe
• 1896 Herzels The Jewish State

• Major Alfred Dreyfus

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Art

• Impressionism effects of light
• on an object
• Monets Impression Sunrise
• Post-Impressionism effects of
• light on an object but with
• more structure
• Van Goghs Starry Night
• Cezannes Woman w/ Coffee Pot
• Modern Art e.g. Cubism
• Picassos Three Musicians

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• Picassos Three Musicians

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Literature

• Naturalism a continuation of realism avoided
  the optimism golden era in Russian works
• Tolstoys War Peace
• Dostoevskys Crime Punishment
• Turgenevs Fathers Sons

• Leo Tolstoy

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Along the Road To War

• 1870s Three Emperors League
• 1878 Serbian independence
• Treaty of San Stefano
• Russians leave League
• 1882 Triple Alliance
• 1890 Bismarck out Wilhelm II in
• Germanys time in the sun

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• The Sicker Man of Europe

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Along the Road To War

• 1894 Russo-French Rapp.
• 1904 Entente Cordiale
• 1905 Moroccan Crisis
• Triple Entente
• Germany backed down
• 1908 Bosnian Crisis (1st Balkan Crisis)
• Serbs upset Russia backed down
• 1912-13 Balkan Wars (2nd Balkan Crisis)
• Serbs upset again (Albania)
• Russia backed down again!

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• Balkan Wars 1912-1913