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Cell Metabolism

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Lindsey Bily Anatomy & Physiology Metabolism All the reactions that occur in the body Cell Metabolism is all the reactions that occur in the cell. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Cell Metabolism


1
Cell Metabolism
  • Lindsey Bily
  • Anatomy Physiology

2
Metabolism
  • All the reactions that occur in the body
  • Cell Metabolism is all the reactions that occur
    in the cell.

3
Metabolic Pathways
  • Sequence of cell reactions.
  • Catabolism or a catabolic pathway net effect is
    to break down large molecules into smaller ones.
  • Produce energy
  • Anabolism or anabolic pathway net effect is to
    build large, complex molecules from smaller ones.
  • Require energy

4
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5
Catabolism
6
Anabolism
7
Enzymes
  • Tertiary or quarternary structured functional
    proteins (from Ch. 2)
  • At our body temperature, the activation energy
    required to carry on most reactions is too great.
  • Enzymes LOWER the activation energy of a chemical
    reaction (catalysts).

8
Enzymes
  • Lower the activation energy of a reaction.

9
How Enzymes Work
  • Enzymes have an active site. That is what fits
    into their substrate.
  • Lock and Key Model

10
Enzymes Regulate Metabolic Pathways
  • If an enzyme is inactivated turned off the
    entire metabolic pathway can be stopped.
  • Enzymes are specific to their substrate. Each
    pathway requires specific enzymes in order to
    work.

11
Enzymatic Disorders
  • May occur because a gene is mutated so the enzyme
    is dysfunctional or missing altogether.
  • Tay Sachs
  • Morquios Syndrome (Simon Birch)

12
Allosteric Effect
  • Allosteric Changing a 3D Shape.
  • Allosteric Effectors change the shape of the
    enzyme to either activate or inactivate it.
  • pH, temperature, antibiotics, coenzymes

13
Allosteric Effect of Hemoglobin
  • Each molecule of hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen
    molecules.
  • When one oxygen molecule binds to the Iron in the
    Heme group in each polypeptide chain, it changes
    the entire shape of the hemoglobin molecule
    making it better at binding more oxygen
    molecules.
  • Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide promote the release
    of oxygen by favoring the deoxygenated shape of
    hemoglobin, thereby causing the release of
    oxygen.
  • Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide are in high
    quantities by actively metabolizing tissues.

14
Allosteric Effect of Hemoglobin
15
End Product Inhibition
  • Negative Feedback
  • A product of the metabolic pathway will bind to
    the allosteric site of an enzyme inactivating it
    and turning off the entire pathway.

16
Allosteric Effect
17
Catabolic Pathways
  • Cellular Respiration breakdown of glucose into
    CO2 and H2O. A lot of potential energy is
    released from the breaking of the bonds into heat
    and ATP.
  • 3 steps
  • 1. glycolysis
  • 2. Citric Acid Cycle
  • 3. Electron Transport System

18
Glycolysis- 1ST STEP
  • Begins with glucose ( 6 Carbons) and ends with
    pyruvic acid (3 carbons).
  • Glycolysis literally means breaking glucose.
  • Occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
  • Does not require oxygen so it is anaerobic.
  • The energy released either transferred to ATP or
    NADH.
  • Once pyruvic acid is made, if oxygen is present,
    it will enter the Citric Acid Cycle. If no oxygen
    is present, it will continue on to form lactic
    acid.

19
ATP Production
  • Glycolysis yields only 2 ATP!! Not a lot at all.
  • We need more!!

20
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21
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
  • If oxygen is present, pyruvic acid moves into the
    mitochondria.
  • Now you can tell your friends why it is called
    the Powerhouse of the Cell! Arent you excited?

22
Citric Acid Cycle
  • A series of chemical reactions.
  • Creates a little ATP, but mostly energizes
    electrons that attach to coenzymes.

23
Electron Transport Chain
  • The energized electrons and protons move to the
    Electron Transport Chain.
  • They are then formed into energy (ATP) and water.
  • ETS makes 34 ATP!

24
Cellular Respiration Produces 36 ATP
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