Native America v. America

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Native America v. America

• A Tumultuous Relationship

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I. Three categorizations
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II. As Neighbors Encounter Exchange
The Good Exchange of crops, animals,
farming The Bad Importation of disease and
violence
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Relationship with Colonizers

• Spanish were Conquistadores who created
  encomiendas
• French needed help with the fur trade
• English came to settle, at first were friendly

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The English American Indians

• As the English colonist moved west, wars broke
  out in the 1600s

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The American Revolution

• 13,000 American Indian warriors fought on the
  British side
• Americans resented tribal help to Brits

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c. Noble Savages

• Others saw them as needing to be civilized
  including people like Thomas Jefferson

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d. Post-War Fighting

• Indian raids on white settlements
• Whites used raids as an excuse to ravage Indian
  villages in the late 1700 and early 1800s

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e. Assimilation1880s-1940s

• return to idea that Indians are civilizable
• Offshoot of Progressive era
• Kill the Indian, save the Man

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f. Indian Boarding Schools

• creation of Indian boarding schools
• No language
• No traditions
• No families
• Sent out to white families on breaks to work as
  servants

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g. Conservation of Culture1935-1950

• Indian New Deal
• Romanticization of American Indian culture
• Many stereotypes still prevalent

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h. American Indian Movement 1970s

• Grew out of Civil Rights Movement of 1960s
• reclamation of tribal land
• Much more forceful than other movements
• 75 takeovers of federal buildings or land
  (including Alcatraz)

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1973 Pine Ridge (Wounded Knee-site of 1890
massacre)

• Protest over treaty rights and stripmining
• National Guard surrounded area cutting off access
• daily gunfire between occupiers and troops2 men
  killed
• 71 days in length
• govt arrested 1200 at end
• followed by controversial arrests and deaths of
  prominent Nat Am leaders

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III. As Landowners

• Go West, Young Man!
• Westward movement of settlers creates tensions
  with Native American tribes

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b. French and Indian WarStuck in the Middle
with You

• As the English moved west toward the Ohio and
  Mississippi Rivers, the French became worried
  they would lose access to the fur trade
• Both colonizers built forts in the mid-1700s
• The American Indians were caught in the middle
  most tribes sided with the French
• War ends with treaty, followed by Proclamation of
  1763

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d. Land in the New Republic

• In the late 1700s the Iroquois, Choctaws,
  Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaws all signed treaties
  with government ceding giving up land
• Some tribes resisted
• Tribes left with small independent nations

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e. Indian Removalunder President
Jackson1830-1839
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f. Black Hawk War (1831-32)

• Sauk and Fox Indians in IL
• whites very viciousattacked even when Black Hawk
  tried to surrender
• led to slaughter and removal

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g. Trail of Tears Cherokees

• 1,000 fled to North Carolina
• Winter of 1838 rest began march to Indian
  Territory
• about ¼ died

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h. The Far West

• Plains tribes concentrated into 2 territories
  Oklahoma (Indian Territory) and the Dakotas
• allowed government to take most desirable land
  and separate Indians physically and politically
• management given to Bureau of Indian
  Affairscompletely corrupt

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i. Destruction of Buffalo

• partly to feed all westward migrants
• partly to feed fashion
• partly to clear way for railroads
• partly for amusement
• 1875 virtually extinct (15 mil 1865)

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j. Resistance the End of Indian Wars

• Continual fighting from 1850s-1880s
• Govt would no longer negotiate with chiefs
• surrendered in 1886official end of fighting
  betweens whites and Indians
• Was 1890 Wounded Knee massacre of Lakota Sioux

Geronimo
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As Citizens The Constitution

• Addressed Native Americans
• excluded native americans not taxed from pop.
  count for representation
• gave Congress power to negotiate treaties with
  tribes trade with tribes
• legal standing very unclearbig issue as time
  went on

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In the Courts 1830s

• Chief Justice John Marshall made 3 major
  decisions in Supreme Court cases that helped to
  clarify political status of Native Americans
• Only government could buy or take land from
  Native Americans-reservations are still entrusted
  to US govt
• Federal Govt is the guardian of tribes-no need
  for separate courts
• Indian reservations are not always subject to
  state law

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The Dawes Act 1887

• gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land
• force assimilation to white model of society
• tribal land reduced from 155 mil acres to 48 mil
  acres by 1934

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Citizenship Granted

• Inconsistent citizenship
• by marrying white men
• through military service
• by allotments
• 1924 Indian Citizenship Act

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New Deal for Indians1933-1945

• 1933 created Indian Emergency Conservation
  Program (IECP)
• employed 85,000 Nat Am
• 1934 Indian Reorganization Act
• ended Dawes Act
• provided for tribes to buy new land
• recognized tribal constitutions
• federal grants to provide social services
• prohibitions on language, religion and custom
  lifted

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Modern Day Relations 1970-present

• 1950s Termination Era
• Attempt to reduce government involvement
• Return to assimilation
• Tried to repay tribes for lands taken illegally
• 1970 to present Self-Determination
• Native American tribes are semi-autonomous
• Independent governments
• federal govt in role of protector to allow for
  self-government

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