Sub-Saharan Africa

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Sub-SaharanAfrica
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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Geography

• The worlds second largest continent
• most nations of any continent
• Newest country South Sudan
• Location and Effects
• Above and below equator
• Between two oceans Atlantic Indian linked
  and isolated
• Part of major trade routes since ancient times

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Newest country South Sudan Capital Juba
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Regions

• North Africa above the Sahara Desert
• Linked to the Middle East culturally
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• West Africa extends into Atlantic
• Part of major slave trade routes to new world
• Central Africa home to Africas tropical rain
  forests
• Southern Africa crucial to trade b/w oceans
• East Africa Great Rift Valley, fertile land

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Landforms

• The land made exploration difficult for Europeans
  natural barriers
• Africa is a continent of Plateaus
• Escarpments steep cliffs basins, swamps, lakes
• Mountains edges Atlas Mts, Drakensberg
  Range,Mt. Kilimanjaro highest mountain in
  Africa
• Great Rift Valley a giant fault Red Sea to
  Zambezi River
• Series of mountain, valleys, lakes
• Rich in natural resources, fertile soil
• Hard to mine and transport because of the rough
  terrain
• Olduvai Gorge bone that belonged to the
  ancestors of modern people
• Deserts Sahara (largest), Kalahari
• Coastal Plains

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First discovered by anthropologist Mary Leakey on
July 17, 1959
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Rivers

• Provide food, transportation, irrigation and
  hydroelectric power
• Cataracts waterfalls river rapids
• Major Rivers
• Nile, Congo (Zaire), Niger, Zambezi

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Nile River East Africa

• Longest flowing river in the world 4,160 miles
  flows north
• Home to early civilizations
• Predictable floods supported huge population
• Aswan High Dam
• Pros Hydroelectric Power, Irrigation
• Cons Farmers upstream now need to purchase
  fertilizers

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• Nile River Route and its tributaries

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• Zaire (Congo) River
• Central Africa
• Provides hydroelectric power
• Cannot be navigated with boats
• Poor for trade

• Niger River
• West Africa
• Provides water for irrigation
• Floods predictably

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Zaire (Congo) River
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Niger River
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Zambezi River

• Southern Africa
• Creates Victoria Falls (largest), 1 mile wide and
  420 ft. high, between Zambia and Zimbabwe
• The Kariba Dam provides hydroelectric power

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Victoria Falls (Zambezi River)
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"The smoke that thunders" is a local name for
Africa's most famous waterfall thundering (play
Thundering) over a 100m-high cliff.
Mosi-O-Tunya
How Stuff Works Video 500 Natural Wonders Video
100 PBS Video 30
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Devils Pool and Armchair

• A famous feature is the naturally formed
  "Armchair" (now sometimes called "Devil's Pool"),
  near the edge of the falls on Livingstone Island
  on the Zambian side. When the river flow is at a
  certain level, usually between September and
  December, a rock barrier forms an eddy with
  minimal current, allowing adventurous swimmers to
  splash around in relative safety a few feet from
  the point where the water cascades over the falls

• Devils Pool Video
• Video

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Africas Natural Resources
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Rich source of resources

• Mineral Resources (see map)
• Resources unevenly distributed
• Gold and Diamonds
• Profits from African nations often end up in
  foreign countries
• Europeans mined much of their gold from west
  Africa beginning in the Age of Discovery
• Power-Wealth-Trade

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Back
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Africas Resources Today

• Gold and Diamonds South Africa, D.R. Congo
• Copper Zaire and Zambia
• Platinum and Cobalt S. Africa, Zaire, and
  Botswana
• Oil Nigeria, Botswana, Libya, Algeria, and
  Gabon
• Profits from African nations often end up in
  foreign countries

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Adapting to the Land

• Societies developed near sources of water
• hunting and gathering
• farming
• herding
• fishing
• urban
• Major urban areas developed on the Mediterranean
  Coast, western savannas, and East Coast

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Language

• More than 1,000 languages
• Groups only a few miles apart often speak
  different languages
• Small tribes migrated constantly and used their
  own language
• Scholars group African Languages into large
  families
• Trade and diffusion created new languages
• Swahili Bantu and Arabic

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Section 1 Quiz Answers

1. E Hydroelectric Power
2. D cataract
3. A escarpment
4. C Nile
5. B Aswan Dam

• 6. B the Pacific Ocean
• 7. A mountains
• 8. C 4,000 mile fault line that splits the
  continent
• 9. B halted annual flooding of the Nile
• 10. B seize a share of Africas gold and diamonds

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Climate and Diversity
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Climate Facts

• Latitude and Elevation climate
• Most tropics area between Tropic of Cancer and
  Capricorn of all the continents
• Temperature is warm to hot
• Colder temperatures seen in higher elevations
• Therefore, rainfall distinguishes the climate in
  Africa not temperature
• Precipitation Less than an inch to more than 80
  inches

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Climate Zones

• Tropical Wet
• Tropical Wet and Dry
• Desert
• Mediterranean

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• Climate Map of Africa

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Tropical Wet 8 of Africa

• Narrow strip along equator
• Home of the rainforests
• Average Temp 80 F
• Average Rain 60-120 inches per year
• Hard to settle
• Leaching rain washes away nutrients and destroys
  soil, unsuitable for farming
• Moisture feeds disease and destroys daily items
• Concrete and steel are expensive fixes
• Disease from insects sleeping sickness, malaria
  (Nothing But Nets)

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Sleeping Sickness

• It is caused by parasites
• organism that lives on or in a host and gets its
  food from or at the expense of its host
• cause disease in humans
• First stage entails bouts of fever, headaches,
  joint pains and itching
• Second stage the parasites cross the blood-brain
  barrier to infect the central nervous system
• changes of behavior, confusion, sensory
  disturbances and poor coordination
• Disturbance of the sleep cycle, which gives the
  disease its name, is an important feature of the
  second stage of the disease.
• Without treatment, sleeping sickness is
  considered fatal.

• Trypanosomiasis
• Sleeping sickness occurs only in 36 sub-Saharan
  Africa countries where there are tsetse flies
  that transmit the disease.
• The people most exposed to the tsetse fly and
  therefore the disease live in rural areas and
  depend on agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry
  or hunting.
• Drugs to treat

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Sleeping Sickness
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Tropical Wet and Dry 50 of Africa

• Either side of tropical wet climate to the
  tropics
• Rainfall varies by season
• Summer Hot temps Rainy Season
• Winter Warm temps Dry Season
• Major Feature
• Savanna most people - grasslands that cover
  half the continent. More rain near the equator
  support plant and wild life
• Sahel semi-arid separates Sahara from savanna
• Unpredictable rainfall makes daily life difficult
• Drought
• Desertification land turning into deserts
  causes over grazing and drought

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Deserts and Desertification
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Deserts 40 of Africa

• Sahara Means desert in Arabic Northern
  Africa
• Larger than the continental United States
• Rain rarely falls, less than 10 inches a year
• Temperatures reach as high as 130 F
• Traders traveled across the Sahara
• Diffusion of European, Asian, and African
  cultures
• Kalahari Southern Africa
• More rain than the Sahara allows food to grow
• Namib Southern Africa

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• The Sahara Desert

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• Kalahari Desert

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Deserts 40 of Africa

• Namib Desert one of the driest places on Earth
• One of the oldest deserts in the world 80
  million years
• Averages less than .4 inches of rain a year
• Dune 7 the highest sand dune in the world, 383
  meters 1200 feet

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• Namib
• Desert

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Mediterranean - 2

• The Southern Tip and the Northern Coast
• Climate similar to LA
• Hot, Dry Summer
• Cool, Wet Winter
• Fertile soil good for farming
• Major travel destination

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• Mediterranean Zones are in Purple

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Section 2 Quiz Answers

1. C Kalahari
2. E Sahel
3. A Sahara
4. D Tropic of Capricorn
5. B Tropic of Cancer

• 6. C Desert
• 7. A tropical Wet
• 8. D Savanna
• 9. D all languages spoken in Africa belong to one
  language family
• 10. B they carry diseases that are fatal to human
  beings

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Early Civilizations of the Nile Valley

• Add from word Document

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Egypt

• I. Religion
• -played a major role in daily life
• -polytheistic
• -Gods controlled forces of nature
• -life after death
• -priests and pyramids
• -pharaoh
• ruler of Ancient Egypt considered a god

• II. Economic Activities
• -farming
• -trade
• III. Achievements
• -hieroglyphics
• -365 day calendar
• -math
• -medicine
• -art
• Crash Course Egypt

Kush
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Kush (Nubia)

• I. Achievements
• - 750BC
• King Kashta conquers Nile Valley for short time
• -Meroe capital city
• -adapted hieroglyphics

• II. Historical Importance
• -Egyptian Influence
• -polytheistic
• -grew rich and powerful from iron industry
  (learned from Assyrians)
• -traded with Egypt and Mediterranean world
• -weakened by trade shifted, invasion and internal
  rivalries

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Nubia Land of Gold

• Nubia was a land of natural wealth. They had gold
  mines, ivory, incense, copper and iron ore.

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Kush Becomes the Iron Capital of the Ancient World

• Meroe is an area full of rich iron ore deposits
• This is the place where AFRICAs first iron
  industry begins
• People need iron to make weapons
• To create iron there was a need for wood to burn
  in furnaces to melt down the iron ore

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The Kush Capital of Meroë

• Meroë became the center of Kushite civilization.
• At its height, the city thrived as a great center
  of industry and culture.
• Meroë was well known for producing iron.
• It had everything needed to make iron
• Rich supply of iron deposits
• Forests (wood made charcoal)
• Charcoal was used to heat the iron
  deposits
• Once the hot iron separated from the rock,
  it was cooled in the Niles
  waters.
• Ironworkers in Kush made a variety of
  things.
• spears
• arrows
• swords
• axes
• hoes

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Meroe Pyramids
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Trade Networks

• Exports
• Gold
• Pottery
• Iron tools
• Slaves
• Ivory
• Leopard skins
• Ostrich Feathers
• Elephants

• Imports
• Fine jewelry
• Luxury items

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The Demise of Kush

• To make iron, they needed to wood to burn. They
  had used up much of their wood. Their resources
  were dwindling.
• Kush could not produce as much iron as they had
  in the past, yet demand for iron was growing.
  Traders began to look elsewhere for iron.
• By 300s AD Kush lost its wealth a
• military might
• The Kingdom of Axum conquers Kush

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Axum

• I. Achievements
• - 350 AD
• -King Ezana conquered Kush
• -sacred writing (geez)
• -controlled port cities (ivory trade)

• II. Historical Importance
• -present day Ethiopia
• -center of trade
• - King Ezana Conversion to Christianity
• -Ethiopic Church (one of the oldest forms of
  Christianity)
• -lost power to Muslim empires

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Stele, Ezanas Royal Tomb,Axum (4c)
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Christian Church, LalibelaEthiopia
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Though Axum faded, its culture did not disappear.
Rather, its legacy survived in medieval Ethiopia.

• King Lalibela came to power in Ethiopia in the
  early 1200s.
• He directed the building of Christian churches,
  carved down into solid rock.

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Closure

• What were the results of the interaction between
  civilization?
• exchange of knowledge and ideas
• diffusion

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Section 3 Quiz Answers

1. E Ezana
2. A Pharaoh
3. C Hieroglyphics
4. D Kashta
5. B Olduvai Gorge

• 6. A too dry to support crops
• 7. B Nile River Flowed North
• 8. A built pyramids/ buried w/ valuable things
• 9. A Assyrians invaded Egypt
• 10. B destruction

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Africa Geography and Early History

• Open-Ended Questions

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What is a key factor in differentiating between
Africas climates because temperatures do not
vary greatly from place to place?

• Amount of Rainfall

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List 5 types of societies of Africa

• Hunting and gathering
• Farming
• Fishing
• Herding
• Urban

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Factors that influences where people live in
Africa.

• Environment
• Climate
• Geography
• Availability of water and resources

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Identify Africas climate regions and describe
ways in which that climate has affected the ways
of life of the African people.

• Tropical Wet
• Hard to settle because of leaching, insects,
  disease, mold and rot
• Tropical Wet and Dry
• Unpredictable/unreliable rainfall difficult on
  farmers/herders, desertification caused by people
  but still home to most Africans
• Desert
• Few areas have grasses to support herding, not
  enough rain for farming
• Mediterranean
• Supports farming and herdinglarge population

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Describe ancient Egypt in terms in terms of
religion, economy activities, and achievements.

• Religion
• polytheistic, connected to nature, life after
  death, Pharaoh
• Economic Activities
• trade, farming
• Achievements
• hieroglyphics, 365 day calendar, math, medicine,
  art, architecture

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Bonus InfoCivilization of the Nile Valley

• Kush
• Rich from iron industry
• Meroe capital city, center of trade
• Axum
• King Ezana convert to Christianity
• Ethiopic Church
• Center for trade