Imperialism 1880-1914

1
Imperialism 1880-1914

• Chapter 26-2

2
The Berlin Conference

• Provisions
• No Slavery
• No imperial power could claim a territory
  in Africa unless it effectively controlled that
  territory
• To Prevent conflicts between European nations
• Hosted by Bismarck and Jules Ferry

3
The Scramble for Africa England

• Egypt was the model
• The Sudan After Egypt, the British pushed south
• Battle of Omdurman (1898) General Horatio H.
  Kitchener defeated Sudanese tribesmen and killed
  11,000 with machine guns.
• 28 Brits died

4
England in Africa

• The Fashoda Incident (1898)
• France and Britain nearly went to war over the
  Sudan.
• France backed down. (Partly because it was in the
  midst of the Dreyfus Affair)

5
England in Africa

• South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902)
• Cecil Rhodes had become Prime Minister of Cape
  Colony in South Africa
• Was the main architect of the Cape to Cairo
  dream where Britain would dominate the African
  continent

6
England in Africa

• The Boers were descendents of white Dutch
  settlers
• They controlled the Transvaal region
• Gold and diamonds were discovered there
• Cecil Rhodes went after it
• Initially, the Boers successfully repelled
  British troops

7
England in Africa

• 1902 The Kruger Telegram Kaiser Wilhelm II
  sent a telegram to the Boers congratulating them
  on defeating the British without need of German
  assistance
• Brits angry at Germany
• Massive British force drove the Boers out
• 1910 Brits combined the Transvaal, the Orange
  Free State, Cape Colony and Natal to form the
  Union of South Africa

8
England in Africa

• By 1890 the Brits controlled Nigeria, Kenya,
  Uganda and Zanzibar
• Germany recognized the above in exchange for
  British recognition of a German naval base in the
  North Sea

9
The French in Africa

• Algeria Since 1830 the French had controlled
  Algeria in North Africa
• The attack on French ships by the Barbary pirates
  was used as an excuse to conquer Algeria
• It remained under French control until the early
  1960s

10
The French in Africa

• Tunisia 1881 France justified its annexation of
  Tunisia due to frequent raids on Algeria by
  Tunisian rebels
• Tunisia became a French protectorate
• Brits DID have claims there but let it go at the
  Berlin Conference

11
The French in Africa

• French control of the North Congo Basin was also
  recognized at the Berlin Conference
• Somaliland (Somalia) gave the French territory on
  the east African coast
• 1896 The French seized Madagascar
• France controlled French West Africa (including
  the Ivory Coast and the Sahara)
• By 1914 France controlled most of Morocco

12
The French in Africa

• The Brits recognized French claims in Africa in
  return for the French recognition of British
  control of Egypt and the Sudan

13
Germany in Africa

• Before 1884 Bismarck was not very interested in
  colonialism. He was more concerned about Russia
  on his east and France on the west
• The Berlin Conference guaranteed that Germany
  would be a major player in Africa
• By WWI, Germany controlled territory in Africa 5
  times the size of Germany

14
Germany in Africa

• 1884 Germany took Cameroon and Togoland in West
  Africa
• 1885 Germany claimed Tanganyika (renamed it
  German East Africa)
• Southwest Africa Germans killed over 50,000
  men, women and children who rebelled

15
Italy in Africa

• Italy was last in the Scramble for Africa
• 1880s took Eritrea on the Red Sea coast
• Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
• Italy was the first European country to be
  defeated
• 6,000 Italian troops killed, thousands taken
  prisoner. Mussolini will get even later
• Italy took Libya in 1912

16
Portugal in Africa

• Portugal took Angola in southwest Africa and
  forced the people to accept what amounted to
  slavery
• All Europeans exploited Africans

17
Imperialism in Asia

• China The Opium Wars with Britain
• First Opium War 1839-1841) Brits occupied
  several coastal cities and forced China to
  Surrender
• Treaty of Nanking (1842)
• Hong Kong to Brits (until 1997)
• 4 more treaty ports open to Brits
• British residents in China and their guests were
  not subject to Chinese law

18
China

• Second Opium War 1856-1860
• China was forced to open 6 more ports to British
  and French trade indefinitely
• China was forced to accept trade and investments
  on unfavorable terms

19
China

• Taiping Rebellion 1850
• Caused by different Chinese factions opposed to
  Manchu rule
• Manchus defeated the rebels with British help
• 20 million people died

20
China

• Spheres of influence By the late 19th century
  much of eastern China had become dominated by
  Britain, France, Russia, and Japan and Germany
• Japan gained Taiwan as a result of the
  Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

21
China

• Britain gained a trade monopoly along the Yangtze
  River
• France in Canton Bay and Indochina
• Russia in Northern Manchuria. Wanted to build a
  railroad there
• Germany gained a 99-year lease on the port of
  Qingdao and permission to build 2 railroad lines
  in Shandong Province

22
China

• The U.S. demanded an Open Door policy to trade
  in China
• Resulted in an agreement that the imperialist
  powers would not interfere in any treaty port on
  the interests of another power

23
India

• The Jewel of the British Empire
• Mongul Empire (controlled by Muslims) fell apart
  in the 17th Century
• After the Seven Years War (1763) The British
  East India Company was given control of India and
  was directly accountable to Parliament

24
India

• Robert Clive captured military posts in Madras
  and England ousted the French in India
• BEIC took the last native state by 1848
• The Sepoy Mutiny 1857-1858 Insurrection of Hindu
  and Muslim soldiers in British army spread to
  Northern and Central India. Was crushed.

25
India

• The Sepoys had resented the British control in
  India
• Short-term cause British use of animal fat to
  grease rifle cartridges
• Was sacrilege to both Muslim and Hindu faith
• After 1858 India was ruled by British Parliament
  in London and was administered by a tiny
  all-white civil service in India

26
British reforms in India

• Modern system of progressive secondary education
  (to train Indian civil servants)
• Irrigation projects
• 25,000 miles of railroads by 1900
• Tea trade
• Cotton industry became 4th largest in the world
• Jute plantations
• A unified state

27
Other British Colonies in Asia

• Burma 1820s
• Malay Peninsula (Malaysia)
• North Borneo (Indonesia)

28
The French in Asia

• Indochina (modern-day Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)
  became French protectorate 1880s-1890s
• French took Tahiti and New Caledonia in the South
  Seas

29
Germany in Asia

• Germany controlled the Marshall Islands and Samoa
  in the South Pacific

30
Spain and U.S.

• Spanish-American War 1898 U.S. defeated Spain
  and took control of Guam, the Philippines, Cuba,
  and Puerto Rico

31
Chinas response to imperialism

• The Boxer Rebellion 1900 a patriotic rebellion
  of Chinese nationalists against Western
  domination
• Defeated by a multi-national force of imperial
  powers
• Manchu Dynasty fell soon after
• Dr. Sun Yat-sen (Chinese revolutionary) tried to
  establish a republic

32
Japan

• 1850s Commodore Perry (U.S.) forced Japan to
  open ports to foreign trade
• Previously had only allowed one Dutch ship
  annually
• Japan was the only Asian power to resist Western
  domination
• 1867 The Menji Restoration a series of reforms
  to compete with the West

33
Japan

• War with China 1894-95
• Gained Formosa (Taiwan) and independence for
  Korea
• Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 due to competition
  with Russia in Manchuria
• Defeated the Russian fleet in 1905
• The West was stunned

34
The Treaty of Portsmouth

• Mediated by TR
• Japan won major concessions
• Russian sphere of influence in Manchuria
• Korea as a protectorate
• Half of Sakhalin Island
• Impact Russia returned attention to the Balkans

35
Anti-Imperialists

• Karl Marx in Das Kapital 1867 Since the
  bourgeoisie needed to constantly expand markets,
  quest for profits would lead to conquest
• J.A. Hobson
• Imperialism benefitted only the wealthy.
• Bankers and businessmen unduly influenced govts
• Big influence on anti-imperialists and socialists

36
Lenin

• Believed that imperialism would lead to colonial
  rivalries which would result in war.like WWI