Terms: The Planets

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Terms The Planets

• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Pluto (Dwarf Planet

• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune

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How are the planets alike and/or different?

• What factors exists on Earth that make life
  possible here, but unlikely on any other planet?
• Which planets in the solar system are called the
  gas giants and why?
• In general, what condition on the planets is MOST
  affected by its distance from

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• 1. Earth has Liquid water, moderate temperature,
  and an atmosphere rich in oxygen, which is all
  needed for life.

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• 2. They are giant planets, much larger than
  Earth. They are mainly composed of gases and do
  not have well-defined surfaces.

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• 3. temperature. It will get colder further from
  the sun and hotter closer to it.

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• Write one of these analogies at the bottom of
  your solar system sheet
• My very educated mother just said uh-oh no pluto.
  
• My Very Eager Mother just served us nine pies.

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The Inner Planets

• Also known as the Terrestrial Planets
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars

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• inner planets continued
• The planets that are much closer to the sun.
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
• Inner planets have rocky, dense
  surfaces.terrestrial planets
• Aka terrestrial planets

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Mercury
Distance from the sun 58,000,000 km
Diameter 4,880 km
Year Length (Earth Years) 88 days
Gravity (X Earths0 0.38
Moons 0

• closest planet to the sun
• only Pluto is smaller
• rocky surface with many craters
• very thin atmosphere
• high temperature
• no life

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Venus
Distance from the Sun 108,000,000 km
Diameter 12,100 km
Year Length (Earth Years) 225 days
Gravity (X Earths) 0.91
Moons 0

• 2nd planet from sun
• same size as Earth
• rocky surface
• atmosphere is very
• thick with carbon dioxide
• gas traps heat under it
• no life

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Earth
Distance from the Sun 150,000,000 km
Diameter 12,760 km
Length of Year 365.25 days
Gravity 1
Moons 1

• 3rd planet from sun
• surface is rocky
• covered with plains, valleys, mountains,
  plateaus, active volcanoes
• ¾ surface covered with water,
• atmosphere 78 nitrogen, 21 oxygen
• water, moderate temperature, and oxygen makes
  Earth only planet supporting life

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Mars
Distance from the Sun 228,000,000 km
Diameter 6,790 km
Year Length (Earth Years) 687 days
Gravity (X Earths) 0.38
Moons 2

• 4th planet from the sun, called red planet,
• half the size of Earth, rocky and dusty surface,
  hills, plains mountains, extinct volcanoes,
  craters,
• largest volcano in solar system,
• ice caps north and south poles,
• may have had water at one time,
• thin atmosphere with carbon dioxide,
• life may have existed at one time

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The Outer Planets Gas Giants

• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune
• No solid surfaces to walk upon

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• outer planets The planets that are much farther
  from the sun
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• Outer planets are larger and composed of gas.
  Gas giantd
• Pluto is a dwarf planet it is not included in
  the outer planets group because it has different
  characteristics

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Jupiter
Distance from the Sun 778,000,000 km
Diameter 143,000 km
Yea Length (Earth Years) 119 years
Gravity (X Earths) 2.53
Moons 63

• 5th planet from sun,
• largest planet,
• gas giants"
• no solid surface,
• slushy ball of liquid hydrogen,
• atmosphere mostly helium and hydrogen gases,
• large red spot ( gigantic storm or hurricane),
• circled by very thin rings,
• no life

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Saturn
Distance from the Sum 1,427,000,000 km
Diameter 120,500 km
Year Length (Earth Years) 29.4 years
Gravity (X Earths) 1.14
Moons 47

• 6th planet from sun,
• complex ring system,
• second largest planet,
• structure similar to Jupiter,
• atmosphere is hydrogen and helium gases,
• no life

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Uranus
Distance from the Sun 2,871,000,000 km
Diameter 51,100 km
Year Length (Earth Years) 84 years
Gravity (X Earths) 0.9
Moons 27

• blue-green color from poisonous methane
  
• 7th planet from sun
• third largest planet
• surface completely covered with water, methane,
  and ammonia
• 11 rings circle planet
• rotates on its side
• poles point toward and away from sun, extremely
  cold temperature,
• no life

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Neptune
Distance from the Sun 4,498,000,000 km
Diameter 49,500 km
Year Length (Earth Years) 165 years
Gravity (X Earths) 1.14
Moons 13

• 8th planet from the sun,
• fourth largest planet,
• glows blue-green with methane gas clouds,
• icy ocean of water, methane, ammonia, and
  hydrogen,
• six rings orbit planet,
• no life on planet

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Quick Check

• Which planets in the solar system are called the
  gas giants?
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
• Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• Earth, Venus, Pluto, Mars

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Quick Check

• Which is the current and correct model of our
  solar system?
• The Big Bang Theory
• The Geocentric Theory
• The Pythagorean Theory
• The Heliocentric Theory

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Quick Check

• What three factors exist on Earth that make life
  possible here, but unlikely on any other planet?
• A. liquid water, moderate temperatures,
  atmospheric oxygen
• B. liquid water, moderate temperatures,
  atmospheric nitrogen
• C. liquid water, moderate size of Earth,
  atmospheric oxygen
• D. solid water, moderate temperatures,
  atmospheric oxygen

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Quick Check

• Which planet is MOST LIKELY to support life as
  we know it?
• A. Mercury
• B. Venus
• C. Jupiter
• D. Mars

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Quick Check

• In general, what condition is MOST affected by
  its distance from the sun?
• A. size
• B. temperature
• C. atmosphere
• D. surface composition

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Quick Check

• The force of gravity on a planet determines the
  weight of objects on the planet. If you weighted
  30 kg (66 pounds) on Earth, what would you weigh
  on Jupiter?
• A. 11.4 kg (5.2 pounds)
• B. 30 kg (66 pounds)
• C. 34.2 kg (75.4 pounds)
• D. 75.9 kg (167.3 pounds)

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Objects Motion in the Sky Terms

• Terms
• Rotation
• Axis
• Day
• Year
• Constellation
• Revolution

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Why do the sun and moon seem to move each day?

• What causes day and night?
• What causes the constellations to appear to be in
  different positions at different times of the
  year?
• Compare and contrast rotation and revolution.

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Rotation

• Earths rotation on its axis causes day and
  night.
• Rotation means spinning. Earths spinning on its
  axis is called its rotation. Earth makes one
  complete spin about every 24 hours. One complete
  spin is called a day.
• It takes 24 hrs for the Earth to make one
  complete spin on its axis. If the earths
  rotation slowed, a day would be longer.

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Earths Rotation

• Earth rotations (spins like a top) on its axis,
  moving from west to east.
• If this is correct, then why does it take longer
  (time) to fly from Atlanta to Los Angeles ((5
  hrs) then it takes to fly from Los Angeles to
  Atlanta (3.5 hrs)?
• Because of the Jet Stream, my little grasshopper!

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Revolution

• In addition to rotating on its axis, Earth
  travels around the sun. The movement of one
  object around another object is called
  revolution.
• One complete revolution around the sun is called
  a year. Earths path as it revolves around the
  sun is called its orbit.
• As it travels around the sun, Earths orbit is
  not a circle, it is elliptical, like a slightly
  flattened circle, or oval shape.

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Earths Revolution

• Earths revolution (to move around an another
  object) around the sun
• It takes 365.25 days for Earth to make one (1)
  complete revolution around the sun.
• When do we experience leap year (366 days) and
  why?

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Constellations

• Earth spins around its axis from west to east.
  This makes objects in the sky appear to be moving
  from east to west.
• Another kind of motion of Earth, revolution,
  explains how stars and groups of stars called
  constellations change positions from month to
  month.
• A constellation is a group of stars that ancient
  people pictured as mythological characters,
  animals, and other objects.

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Rotation vs. Revolution

• Rotation is the spinning of an object around its
  axis, An axis is an imaginary line that runs
  through the earth, from the North Pole to the
  South Pole.
• Earth makes one complete spin on its axis about
  every 24 hours.
• Revolution is the movement of one object around
  another object.
• Earth takes 365.25 days to make one complete
  revolution around the sun.
• Both rotation and revolution involve the movement
  of Earth.

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Quick Check

• What motion makes objects in the sky seem to rise
  in the east and set in the west?
• a. revolution of Earth
• b. rotation of Earth
• c. revolution of the sun
• d. rotation of the sun

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Quick Check

• What does one revolution of Earth equal?
• an hour
• a day
• a month
• a year

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Quick Check

• Around what does Earth rotate?
• A. its axis
• B. the sun
• C. the stars
• D. constellations

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Quick Check

• What motion of Earth makes it seem as if the
  stars and constellations are in different
  positions at different times of the year?
• A. Earths rotation
• B. the rotation of the stars and constellations
• C. the revolution of the stars and
  constellations
• D. the revolution of Earth

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Quick Check

• If Earths rotation slowed, which of the
  following would happen?
• A. The stars would not seem to change
  position.
• B. The length of a day would increase.
• C. The length of a day would decrease.
• D. The length of a day would still be about 24
  hours.

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Gravity Terms

• Gravity Inertia
• Orbits Ellipse

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How do the planets remain in their orbits ?

• What two factors keep the planets in their
  orbits?
• What is gravity?
• What is inertia?
• What two factors does the strength of the pull of
  gravity depend upon?

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Gravity

• All objects, from the atom to the largest family
  of stars, possess gravity.
• Gravity is a force that attracts all objects
  towards each other.
• The strength of the pull of gravity between two
  objects depends on two factors.
• These two factors are the product of the masses
  of the objects and the distance between them.

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Gravity

• As the product of the masses increases, the pull
  of gravity also increases.
• If the distance between the two objects
  increases, then the pull of gravity between them
  decreases.
• All objects in our solar system travel around the
  sun in paths called orbits.
• Planets orbit around the sun, and moons are in
  orbit around planets.

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Gravity

• Scientist Sir Isaac Newton discovered 3 Laws of
  Motion.
• His 1st Law of Motion states that an object in
  motion will tend to stay in motion at the same
  speed and direction unless acted on by an outside
  force.
• The tendency of objects to keep doing what they
  were doing is called inertia.

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Gravity

• Inertia tends to lead planets to follow a
  straight path at a certain speed unless acted on
  by an outside force. This outside force is the
  gravity of the sun.
• While the gravity of the sun pulls the planet
  towards it, the speed and direction (inertia) of
  the planet pushes it forward.
• When the forces of gravity and inertia are
  balanced, the planet follows a curved path around
  the sun.

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Quick Check

• What force keeps Earth in orbit around the sun?
• a. a pull by one object that is in contact with
  another object.
• b. a push by one object that is in contact with
  another object.
• c. mass
• d. gravity

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Quick Check

• What affects the force of gravity between two
  objects?
• a. the product of their masses and the distance
  between them
• b. only the distance between them
• c. only the sum of their masses
• d. the mass of the larger object

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Quick Check

• In what direction does an object in space tend to
  move?
• a. in a curved path
• b. inward
• c. in a straight line
• d. backward

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Quick Check

• How would the force of gravity between Earth and
  the sun be affected if the mass of Earth were
  greater than it is?
• a. The force of gravity would be unchanged.
• b. The force of gravity would be greater.
• c. The force of gravity would be less.
• d. There would be no force of gravity.

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Quick Check

• If the force of gravity between Earth and the sun
  were greater than Earths inertia, what would
  happen to Earth?
• a. Earth would escape into space.
• b. Earth would fall into the sun.
• c. Earth would remain in its orbit around the
  sun.
• d. Earth would stop moving.

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Comets, Meteors, and Asteroids Oh My!!

• Terms
• Comet
• Coma
• Nucleus
• Tail
• Meteor
• Meteoroid
• Meteorite
• Asteroid

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• S6E1.f
• Describe the characteristics of comets,
• asteroids, and meteors

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• In the distant parts of our solar system, comets
  are dust covered balls made of ice and rock
• These dust covered balls of ice and rock are
  called a nucleus
• Something disturbs the comets and sends them
  streaking toward the sun!

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• As the nucleus passes the orbit of Jupiter, it
  begins to heat up.
• Some of the ice inside the nucleus turns to
  glowing gas
• The gasses spread out from the nucleus to form an
  atmosphere around the nucleus called a coma
• Together, the coma and the nucleus form the head
  of the comet

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• As the comet approaches the sun, energy from the
  sun blows parts of the coma away from the
  nucleus..
• ltShow Themgt
• These parts stream away from the head of the
  comet to form a shimmering tail
• A comets tail ALWAYS points away from the sun

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Nucleus
Tail
Coma
Head
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• Some comets plunge into the sun, and others orbit
  around the sun one or more times
• The most famous returning comet is Halleys
  Comet, which comes back approximately every 76
  years

• Can you see where the nucleus, coma, and tail
  are?
• Judging from this picture, where is the sun?

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Asteroids

• Asteroids are chunks of rock and metal, much
  smaller than Earths moon

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• Asteroids orbit the sun like planets
• Most asteroids are found in a belt between the
  orbit of Mars and Jupiter
• The largest known asteroid is Ceres (940 km in
  diameter)
• Most asteroids are less than 1 km in diameter

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Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites

• Between 1,000 and 10,000 tons of space rock fall
  to Earth each day when it is in space these
  rocks are called meteoroids
• Meteoroids are made of
• rocky materials, and metal

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• When a meteoroid plunges into Earths atmosphere
  it is known as a meteor
• In Earths atmosphere, the meteor can get so hot
  that some or all of it burns up.

• The burning meteor
• appears as a streak of light
• A Shooting Star

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• If a meteor does not completely burn up in our
  atmosphere, it will hit Earths surface.
• When a meteoroid hits Earths surface it is known
  as a meteorite

Worlds largest meteorite Hoba, found in Namibia
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• Myskillstutor.com
• Username lunch
• Password cobb
• Site floyd05
• Press Math and Science
• Then Science I
• Earth Science

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• Draw the sequence that a meteoroid goes
• through.

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Quick Check

• In which direction does a comets tail always
  face?
• In the direction of the sun
• Away from the sun
• Perpendicular to the sun
• All different directions

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Quick Check

• What is a comets coma?
• The stony and icy center of the head
• A chunk of iron
• A stream of gas at its back
• The atmosphere around its nucleus

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Quick Check

• Where are most asteroids found?
• All over our solar system
• In orbit between Mars and Jupiter
• Near Earth
• Outside of the solar system

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Quick Check

• What is the sequence that describes a space rock
  that falls to Earths surface?
• meteoroid, meteor, meteorite
• Meteor, meteoroid, meteorite
• Meteorite, meteor, meteoroid
• Meteor, meteorite, meteoroid

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The Phases of the Moon Terms

• Phases one of the different shapes of the moon
  as seen from Earth
• Waxing bright part of the moon increase in size
  as time passes
• Waning bright part of the moon decreases in
  size as time passes.

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How does the moon change phases?

• What causes the phases of the moon?
• What are the 8 names of the phases of the moon?
• Since the moon does not produce light, how can
  you see it?

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The positions of the moon, sun, and Earth
determine which phase the moon is in. This photo
shows how the moon looks from Earth at ach phase.
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Phases of the Moon
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The Phases of the Moon

• The changing shapes of the moon we see are called
  phases. The phase of the moon you see depends on
  how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces
  Earth.
• The moon shows all of its phases in a cycle that
  lasts 29.5 days.
• The names of the moons 8 phases in order of
  appearance are new moon, waxing crescent, first
  quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning
  gibbous, 3rd (last) quarter, waning crescent.
• Since the moon does not produce light, light from
  the sun reflects off the moon, enabling it to be
  seen from Earth.

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The Phases of the Moon

• Waxing means increasing in size
• Waning means decreasing in size
• The moon does not produce its own light. It
  reflects sunlight in all directions.
• During a new moon, the moon is between the sun
  and Earth, so you cannot see the moon.

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The Phases of the Moon

• After a few days, as the moon orbits Earth, , it
  is no longer between the sun and Earth.
• A little part of the moons face reflects
  sunlight toward Earth waxing (increasing)
  crescent.
• When half of the moons bright side faces Earth,
  it is a first quarter moon.
• During a waxing gibbous, most of the moons
  lighted side faces Earth.

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The Phases of the Moon

• When the moon is half way through its cycle, the
  side that faces Earth is opposite of the sun.
  Earth sees all of the moons bright face. This
  is called a full moon.
• As the cycle continues, we see less and less of
  the bright side of the moon.
• In decreasing order, waning gibbous, third
  quarter moon, waning crescent.
• After 29.5 days, the cycle is complete. Another
  new moon has appeared.

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Information (Food) for Thought
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Spring Tides happen during a Full moon and a New
moon
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Oh! I see what happensand neap tides happen in
the 1st quarter and 3rd quarter of the moons
phases!
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Again!
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Quick Check

• The position of what objects is responsible for
  the moons phases?
• A. only Earth
• B. only the moon and Earth
• C. only the moon and the sun
• D. the moon, Earth, and the sun

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Quick Check

• About how long does it take the moon to complete
  one cycle of phases?
• A. one day
• B. one week
• C. one month
• D. one year

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Quick Check

• Which is the correct order of the moons phases?
• A. waxing crescent, waning crescent, first
  quarter
• B. waning gibbous, last quarter, waxing gibbous
• C. full moon, new moon, first quarter
• D. waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous

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Quick Check

• How much of the moons surface can you see during
  a new moon phase?
• A. none
• B. one-quarter
• C. one half
• D. all of it

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Quick Check

• What phase of the moon would you see about three
  weeks after a new moon?
• A. full moon
• B. waning gibbous
• C. last quarter
• D. the next new moon

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Website Instructions

• Go to www. enchantedlearning.com
• Press Astronomy
• Press the Moon
• Press Phases of the Moon

• 1. Why does the shape of the moon appear to
  change ?
• 2. Define crescent moon, gibbous moon, half moon,
  and new moon
• 3. How does the moon rise and set ?
• 4. How does the moon rise and set at full moon ?

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Solar and Lunar Eclipse Terms

• Lunar eclipse solar eclipse
• Total eclipse partial eclipse

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Material Collection

• 1. Phases of the Moon PreQuiz
• 2. Phases of the Moon Notes
• 3. Oreo Moon Phases Lab

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How does Earth, the moon, and the sun align
during a solar eclipse and lunar eclipse?

• What causes solar and lunar eclipses?
• Why do lunar eclipses occur only at a full moon?
• Why do solar eclipses occur only at a new moon?
• Why is there not a solar or lunar eclipse every
  month?

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Solar and Lunar Eclipses

• A solar and lunar eclipse occurs only when the
  earth, moon, and sun are directly lined up.
• There are two types of eclipses.
• The moon goes dark during a lunar eclipse.
• The sun goes dark during a solar eclipse.

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Lunar Eclipse

• A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth passes directly
  between the sun and the moon. The Earth casts a
  shadow on the moon.
• A lunar eclipse can happen only during full moon.
  This is because it is the only time when Earth,
  the sun, and the moon are directly lined up with
  the Earth between the moon and the sun.

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Lunar Eclipse
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Solar Eclipse

• A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes
  directly between the sun and Earth. The moon
  casts a shadow on a part of Earths surface.
• A solar eclipse can happen only during a new
  moon. This is because it is the only time when
  Earth, the sun, and the moon are directly lined
  up with the moon between Earth and the sun.

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Solar Eclipse
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Solar and Lunar Eclipses

• There is not a lunar or solar eclipse every month
  because the moon is not always on the same plane
  as Earth and the sun.
• The moon orbits Earth at an angle.
• An eclipse can be total or partial.
• A total eclipse occurs when the moon or sun
  becomes completely covered.
• A partial eclipse occurs when the moon or sun
  becomes only partly covered.

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Quick Check

• Under what conditions will an eclipse take place?
• a. only when the sun and Earth are directly
  lined up
• b. only when the moon and Earth are directly
  lined up
• c. only when the moon, the sun, and Earth are
  not exactly lined up
• d. only when the moon, the sun, and Earth are
  directly lined up

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Quick Check

• What phase must the moon be in to allow for a
  lunar eclipse?
• a. new
• b. full
• c. first quarter
• d. waxing gibbous

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Quick Check

• Although the moon is much smaller than the sun,
  it looks about the same size when viewed from
  Earth. What fact might account for this
  observation?
• a. The moon is farther from Earth than the sun.
• b. Earth is closer to the sun than the moon
• c. The moon is closer to Earth than the sun.
• d. The moon shines brighter than the sun

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Quick Check

• What conditions would produce a partial eclipse
  of the moon?
• a. the moon is on the same plane as the sun and
  Earth
• b. the moon is below the plane of the sun and
  Earth
• c. the moon is far above the plane of the sun
  and Earth
• d. none of the above

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Quick Check

• When Earths shadow falls on the moon, the
  shadow causes a
• a. new moon.
• b. solar eclipse.
• c. full moon.
• d. lunar eclipse.