Chapter%206,%20Section%201:%20Technology%20and%20Industrial%20Growth

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Chapter 6, Section 1 Technology and Industrial
Growth
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Causes of the Industrialization

• 1. Natural Resources
• Edwin Drake Drilled first oil well in U.S.
  History in Titusville, Pennsylvania
• Oil Before used to boil whale blubber/After
  Kerosene and gasoline (after automobile)
• 2. Large Workforce
• Immigration increased (Asia and Europe)
• 3. Capitalism and Entrepreneurs
• Entrepreneur One who risks (invests) money in
  order to make money
• Horatio Alger Wrote Rags to Riches novels
  about entrepreneurial spirit
• 4. Government Policy
• -Laissez-Faire Free Enterprise Government took
  hands-off approach to business (Supply/Demand)
  with little regulation (rules)
• -Protective Tariffs Taxes on imports aimed at
  protecting local business

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Rags to Riches Novels Horatio Alger
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Innovation Drives the Nation

• Patent Exclusive permission to develop and sell
  an Invention for a certain period of time
• Thomas Edison Inventor who set up Menlo Park
  Research Laboratory in New Jersey Invented Light
  Bulb (1880)
• Alexander Graham Bell 1876 Patented Telephone
• Gugliemo Marconi Wireless Telegraph Father of
  Radio
• http//www.history.com/topics/alexander-graham-bel
  l/videosthe-telegraph-and-telephone

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STEEL

• Bessemer Process Henry Bessemer Purifying Iron
  by Blasting it with intense heat
• Suspension Bridges Roadway suspended in air w/
  steel cables.
• -Brooklyn Bridge 1883 First of its kind
• Skyscraper Used steel frames for height Home
  Insurance Building Chicago First Skyscraper
  ever built

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Technology and Transportation

• Railroads
• George Westinghouse 1869 Invented Air Brakes
• Granville Woods 1887 Train Telegraph
• Gustavus Swift Refrigerated Rail Car
• BIG Problem Times were set independently
  (Usually using sun) Scheduling Became Impossible
• SOLUTION 1884 27 Countries created 24
  Time-Zones
• Airplane 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright Kitty
  Hawk, N.C. First Successful Flight
• http//www.history.com/topics/wright-brothers/vide
  oswright-brothers

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Spiral of Growth

• Railroads stimulated (Sped up/helped) innovation
  and industrialization
• -Brought Natural Resources from Western U.S.
• Mass Production Factories turned out large
  numbers of product in short amount of time.

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Impact of Industrialization

• 1. Linked World Markets Foodetc.
• 2. Changed American Society Growth of Cities
• 3. Environmental Problems Pollution
• -National Park Service 1872 Formed to protect
  environment against abuses of business.
• Yellowstone National Park 1872 First National
  Park in U.S. History
• Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore 1966

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Chapter 6, Section 2 Rise of Big Business
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The Corporation

• Corporation Many people share ownership of ONE
  company
• Monopoly Complete control of a product or
  service
• Cartel Businesses agree to make same product and
  limit supply to drive up prices. (OPEC-oil, De
  Beers-diamonds)
• J.D. Rockefeller Standard Oil/ Controlled
  Railroads to corner oil market
• J.P. Morgan Developed research labs
• Cornelius Vanderbilt Railroad tycoon N.Y. to
  Chicago direct rail line.

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Vertical/Horizontal Integration

• Horizontal Integration Consolidate many firms
  into one business (Super Company)
• Was Illegal
• Trust Companies assign stock to board of
  TRUSTEES who get paid with stock profits (Made
  Horizontal Integration Legal)
• Vertical Integration Control ALL businesses
  involved in product development (Monopoly Own
  the Board)
• Andrew Carnegie U.S. Steel/Pittsburgh, PA

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The Big Business Debate

• Support Captains of Industry
• 1. Efficient
• 2. Lower Prices
• 3. Provided Jobs
• 4. Made U.S. Powerful
• 5. Philanthropists Helped fellow man

• Against Robber Barons
• 1. Unfair Advantages
• 2. Drove Small businesses out
• 3. No Competition
• 4. Monopolies would RAISE prices
• 5. Swindle Poor

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Big Business Debate
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Social Darwinism

• Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species
• Animals evolved through Natural Selection
• Survival of the fittest
• Social Darwinism Wealth was a measure of ones
  value and those who had it were fit Those who
  do not should adapt
• Many used theory as a way to discriminate
  against minorities and other poverty-stricken
  Americans and Immigrants because of their
  unfitness

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Government Regulations

• Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Could
  monitor railroads that cross state lines. Then
  refer records to Congress to address unfairness
• Sherman Anti-trust Act Outlawed
  Trusts/Monopolies that limited trade among
  several states
• Read Wealth Page 113 Andrew Carnegie

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Chapter 6, Section 3 Organized Labor Movement
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Worker Hardships

• Immigrants and poor exploited by big business
  (Low Wages)
• Long Days (12 Hour/ 6 Days per week)
• Unsafe conditions Sweatshops Small, hot, dark,
  and dirty Triangle Shirt waste Co. NYC (Top)
• Children exploited (20 10-16 Employed 1890s)
• Company Towns Pullman Town-Chicago (Bottom)
  Isolated communities owned by company
• Company Stores Workers forced to shop at company
  owned stores that overcharged them

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Labor Unions Form

• Collective Bargaining negotiating with employer
  as a group Strikes used to force negotiation
  (Top Left)
• Socialism Favors PUBLIC control of property/
  Opposite of Capitalism (Private Ownership) (Karl
  Marx Communist Manifesto)
• Knights of Labor Industrial Union Uriah
  Stephens
• 1881 Terence Powderly Became president
  (Bottom)
• American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers
  Skilled worker Union (Top)

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Strikes Rock the Nation

• Railroad Strike of 1877 First major strike in
  U.S. History (Wages) Government sided w/
  Business and Violence Erupted
• Haymarket Riot 1886 Chicago Knights of Labor
  (Fair Wages/ 8 HR Work Day)
• Anarchists Anti-government Joined protest Bomb
  Exploded Dozens Killed/ Including Police

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Strikes Rock the Nation

• Homestead Strike Pennsylvania U.S. Steel
  (protest wage cuts during depression)
• Pinkerton Private Strike Breaking Police Force
  (intimidate workers)
• Anarchist tried to assassinate Henry Frick
  (Carnegies Partner)
• Government Sided w/ Business

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Strikes Rock the Nation

• Pullman Strike 1893 Pullman Palace Car Company
  Chicago
• Eugene Debs American Railway Union President
• Workers blocked trains from running during
  strike.
• Pullman attached MAIL CARS to his
• Grover Cleveland sent troops to end strike
• Eugene Debs arrested for federal offense

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Effects on Labor Movement

• Trend general course of events
• Government trend was to side with business
• Socialism spread through U.S.
• Eugene Debs Ran for President in 1900
• Radical ideas continued to spread because of
  Industrial workers perception of unfairness

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DID YOU KNOW?

• During a coal miners strike in 1921, miners in
  West Virginia (Battle of Blair Mountain) wore red
  handkerchiefs around their necks to show unity.
• They were nicknamed rednecks!
• Oh yeah and the color red is usually associated
  with Communism (Marxism), too!