Grammar Unit 2 Phrases

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Grammar Unit 2Phrases Clauses
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What is a Phrase?

• A phrase is a group of related words that does
  not contain a subject and verb.
• Common Phrases
• Prepositional Phrases
• Infinitive Phrases
• Participial Phrases
• Gerund Phrases

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Prepositional Phrase

• Begins with a preposition (in, on, under, over,
  around, of, about, through, etc.)
• Followed by an object and any modifiers
• Functions as an adjective or adverb
• Examples
• The cadets marched through the woods.
• through is the preposition
• the is the modifier for the object woods
• functions as an adverb
• Everyone in the class wrote an essay.
• in is the preposition
• the is the modifier for the object class
• functions as an adjective

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Infinitive Phrase

• Begins with an infinitive to verb
• Followed by an object and any modifiers
• Functions as a noun, adjective or adverb
• Examples
• To exercise every day is a good habit.
• to exercise is the infinitive
• every is the modifier for the object day
• Functions as a noun
• I was relieved to finish my project.
• to finish is the infinitive
• my is the modifier for the object project
• Functions as an adjective

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Participial Phrase

• Begins with a participle verb ending in -ed,
  -en, or -ing
• Followed by an object and any modifiers
• Functions as an adjective
• Examples
• The marine biologist, diving near a reef, saw a
  shark.
• diving is the participle
• near a are the modifiers for the object reef
• Functions as an adjective
• Known for her patience, Mrs. Garcia was his
  favorite teacher.
• known is the participle
• for her are the modifiers for the object patience
• Functions as an adjective

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Gerund Phrase

• Begins with a gerund verb ending in -ing
• Followed by object and any modifiers
• Functions as a noun
• Examples
• Marching in unison builds teamwork.
• marching is the gerund
• in is the modifier for the object unison
• Functions as a noun
• The student enjoys taking morning classes.
• taking is the gerund
• morning is the modifier for the object classes
• Functions as a noun

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What is a Clause?

• A clause is a group of related words that
  contains both a subject and a verb.
• Two Types of Clauses
• Independent Clause
• Dependent Clause

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Independent Clause

• Contains a subject and a verb
• Makes a complete statement
• Can stand alone
• Examples
• Del Mar is a community college.
• Del Mar is the subject
• is is the verb
• a community college completes the thought
• The Writing Center offers a variety of services.
• The Writing Center is the subject
• offers is the verb
• a variety of services completes the thought

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Dependent Clause

• Contains a subject and a verb
• Does not make a complete statement
• Cannot Stand Alone
• Begins with a subordinating conjunction or a
  relative pronoun
• Subordinating conjunctions after, although, as,
  because, before, if, since, until, when
• Relative pronouns who, whom, that, which, whose

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Examples of Dependent Clause

• Because the student prepared for the exam, she
  answered all of the questions correctly.
• because is the subordinating conjunction
• the student is the subject
• prepared is the verb
• for the exam completes the dependent clause
• The uniform that I am required to wear is green
  and brown.
• that is the relative pronoun
• I is the subject
• am is the verb
• required to wear completes the dependent clause

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Practice Phrases

• Identify the type of phrase in the following
  sentences
• Being an excellent cook, Ryan hosted a dinner
  party.
• To be elected president is his objective.
• The puppy chased the kitten around the house.
• Hoisting the sail correctly is a critical
  component of yachting.

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Answer Key

• Identify the type of phrase in the following
• Being an excellent cook, Ryan hosted a dinner
  party. Participial Phrase
• To be elected president is his objective.
  Infinitive Phrase
• The puppy chased the kitten around the house.
  Prepositional Phrase
• Hoisting the sail correctly is a critical
  component of yachting. Gerund Phrase

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Practice Clauses

• Identify the type of clause in the following
  sentences
• I walk my dog every day.
• Because he is a teacher.
• As the soccer player scored the winning goal.
• Zeke hit his thumb with a hammer.

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Answer Key

• Identify the type of clause in the following
• I walk my dog every day. Independent
• Because he is a teacher. Dependent
• As the soccer player scored the winning goal.
  Dependent
• Zeke hit his thumb with a hammer. Independent

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Sentence Types

1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Compound-Complex

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Simple

• one independent clause
• I like Spongebob.

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Compound

• two or more independent clauses
• I like Spongebob, and I like Plankton.

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Complex

• dependent clause and independent clause
• Because he makes me laugh, I like Spongebob.

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Compound-Complex

• two independent clauses and one dependent clause
• Because they make me laugh, I like Spongebob, and
  I like Plankton.

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Q What is a Subordinating Conjunction?

• A A subordinating conjunction is a word that
  links sentence elements that are not of equal
  importance. The following is a list of common
  subordinating conjunctions
• after once until
• although since when
• as that whenever
• because though where
• before till wherever
• if unless while
• Return to presentation.

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Q What is a Relative Pronoun?

• A A relative pronoun is a word that relates the
  dependent clause to the independent clause within
  a sentence. The following is a list of relative
  pronouns
• who whoever what
• whatever that whom
• whomever whose whichever
• which
• Return to presentation.