Obstetrics

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Obstetrics
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Definition of Obstetrics

• Branch of medicine dealing with the pregnant
  woman during pregnancy, child birth and period
  following birth

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Word Parts
Word root Combining form Meaning
Obstetric Obstetr/ic midwife
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Semen

• Mixture of sperm secretions in seminal vesicles
• Insemination deposit of semen in the female
  reproductive tract

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Artificial Insemination

• Semen is inserted into uterus via a cannula
  instead of coitus
• AI (AIH) by husband
• AI (AID) by donor

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Word parts
Word root Combining form Meaning
Semin semin/ i liquid secretion of the testicles and glands
Sperm sperm/o, spermat/o, sprem/i sperm cells or spermatozoa, ejaculated from the male Act 1
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Fertilisation

• Is the union of sperm and ovum
• Fertilised ovum is called zygote
• Zygote travels down fallopian tube to endometrium
  where it implants itself

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Foetus development

• Embryo developing human during first 2
• months
• - embryonic membranes form
• which protect nourish
• the embryo
• Foetus developing human after the
• second month
• - amniotic membrane forms
  surrounds foetus
• and is filled with amniotic
  fluid
• - amniotic fluid is a shock
  absorber for the foetus

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Placenta

• Develops between the embryo and endometrium
• Exchanges nutrients and waste between mother and
  foetus
• Also secretes hormones to maintain pregnancy

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Word parts
Word root Combining form Meaning
Foet Foet/o an unborn baby
Placent Placent/o flat cake
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Terms related to placenta

• Adherent placenta placenta is fused to uterine
  wall
• Retained placenta placenta is not expelled
• Placenta praevia placenta forms abnormally in
  lower part of uterus over the internal opening
  of the cervix
  Act 3

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Umbilical cord

• Connects foetus to placenta
• Transports blood and nutrients to the foetus

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Gestation

• Period of time embryo and foetus is carried in
  uterus
• Usually 280 days

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Word parts
Word root Combining form Meaning
Gravida -gravida relates to pregnancies
Para -para number of previous pregnancies resulting in a live infant
Toc toc/o, -tocia birth, labour
Nat nat/o birth
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Antenatal

• Period from conception to birth
• 3 trimesters 3 months each

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Labour and Delivery

• Parturition refers to birth
• Labour is period preceding birth
• Uterine contractions are called eutocia
• Syntoconon is a drug to induce uterine
  contractions

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Stages of labour

• Dilation onset of labour to full dilation of 10
  cm
• Expulsion full dilation to delivery
• Placental delivery of placenta and occurs a
• few minutes after birth

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Foetus during labour

• Lies in a lateral position in uterus
• Engagement when head moves down into cervix
• Presentation part of foetus that is touched by
  examining finger through the cervix

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Puerperium

• Period 6 8 weeks following birth
• Reproductive system reverts to pre pregnant state

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Definitions

• Post partum haemorrhage excessive bleeding from
  birth canal
• Eclampsia sudden convulsion due to toxaemia of
  pregnancy
• Stillbirth foetus is born dead
• Congenital present at time of birth
• Caesarian section delivery by surgical excision
  into abdominal wall
• Forceps surgical instruments used to help
  delivery Act 4

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Mammary Glands

• Function is milk secretion i.e. lactation
• Ducts convey milk from lobes to the exterior
• The circular pigmented area surrounding the
  nipple is known as the areola

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Word parts
Word root Combining form Meaning
Mast mast/o breast
Mamm mamm/o breast
Lact lact/o, lact/i milk
Galact galact/o milk
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Abbreviations
ARM Artificial Rupture of Membranes
CTG cardiotocograph
DOB date of birth
EDC/D estimated date of confinement / delivery
EDD estimated date of delivery
EP ectopic pregnancy
FDIU foetal distress in utero
FECG foetal electrocardiograph
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Abbreviations
FHR foetal heart rate
HDN haemolytic disease of the newborn
IUD intrauterine device
LSCS lower section caesarian section
NB newborn
PET pre- eclamptic toxaemia
PPH postpartum haemorrhage
PROM premature rupture of membranes
PV per vagina
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Abbreviations
Apgar score method of assessing general state of baby at birth.Appearance (colour) Pulse(heart rate) Grimace( response to slap) Respiration (breathing)
epesi/o pubic region,vulvo
gravida a pregnant woman
multigravida at least 2 pregnancies
multipara given birth to 2 or more children
nulligravida having never been pregnant
para to bear
primigravida first pregnancy
primipara first delivery
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Miscarriage

• Expulsion of products of conception before 20
  weeks

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Conditions and Terms
cervical incompetence abnormal weakness of the cervix can lead to recurrent miscarriages
ectopic pregnancy pregnancy outside of uterus usually in fallopian tubes
placenta praevia placenta situated near the cervix
pre - eclampsia condition in which hypertension, oedema, and proteinuria developing during 2nd half of pregnancy