North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia

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• Chapter 18
• Section 2
• North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia
• History and Government

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• This region has seen the birth of some of the
  worlds greatest civilizations and three of the
  worlds major religions.

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• By 6000 B.C., hunters and gatherers gave way to
  farming communities along the Nile River, the
  Mediterranean Sea, and the Taurus and Zagros
  Mountains.

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Domesticate

• The regions farmers were among the first . . .
• to adapt plants and animals from the wild to make
  them useful to people.

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Earliest Civilizations

• Emerged about 6000 years ago in Mesopotamia, the
  area between the Tigris and Euphrates.

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Culture Hearth

• A center where cultures developed and from which
  ideas and traditions spread outward.

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The Fertile Crescent

• A rich agricultural area . . .

from Mesopotamia to Egypt, home to the Sumerians.
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Sumerians

• Developed Cuneiform.
• Invented the wheel.
• Developed a base 6 number system (time and
  circle).

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Cuneiform

• Sumerian writing system using wedge-shaped
  symbols pressed into clay tablets.

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Base 6 Contributions

• Divided time into 60 second minutes and 60
  minute hours.
• Grouped the day into two 12 hour segments.
• Divided the year into 12 months.
• Divided the circle into 360 degrees.

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Egyptian Civilization

• Along the Nile River.
• Developed a calendar that was divided into 365
  days.
• Built impressive pyramids.
• Created hieroglyphics.

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Pyramids at Giza
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Frank and Earnest on Pyramids
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The Sphinx with Khafra Pyramid
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Sphinx in the Louvre
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Hieroglyphics

• Egyptian writing system using pictures and
  symbols to represent words or sounds.

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Frank and Earnest on Hieroglyphics
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Frank and Earnest on Hieroglyphics
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Phoenicians

• A trading empire which arose along the eastern
  Mediterranean coast.
• Developed an alphabet in which letters stood for
  sounds (phonetics).

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Persian Empire

• Emerged around 500 B.C.
• Ancestors of todays Iranians.
• Developed Qanats.

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Qanat

• An underground canal used in water systems of
  ancient Persians.

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Qanat
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Silk Road

• A trade route from China to the Mediterranean
  Sea.
• Samarqand in Uzbekistan was one of the trading
  stations.

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Samarqand

• One of the oldest inhabited cities in the world.
• Known as the Crossroads of Civilization.
• Invaded during the 1200s by the Mongols.

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Monotheism

• A belief in one God.
• Three major religions developed in the region
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam

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Judaism

• Oldest Monotheistic Religion.
• Followers known as Jews.
• Jerusalem is capital and religious center.
• Holy book is Torah.
• House of worship is synagogue.

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Christianity

• Originated in about 30 A.D..
• Followers known as Christians.
• Based on teachings of Jesus.
• Holy book is Old and New Testament.
• House of worship is a church.

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Islam

• Originated in about 610 A.D..
• Followers known as Muslims.
• Based on revelations of the prophet Muhammad.
• Holy book is Quran (Koran).
• House of worship is a mosque.

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Prophet

• A person believed to be a messenger from God.
• According to Islam, Muhammad is the final prophet
  of Allah (God).

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Mosque

• An Islamic house of public worship.
• Islam began in Makkah (Mecca) and is the home of
  the Grand Mosque.

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Grand Mosque in Mecca
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Mosque of Djenne, Mali
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Muhammad-Ali-Mosque
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Minaret

• Minarets (Arabic manara (lighthouse) ?????, but
  more usually ?????). Minarets are generally tall,
  graceful spires, attached to Islamic mosques from
  which the Muezzin calls the faithful to prayer.

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Blue Mosque in Istanbul
Minaret
Minaret
Minaret
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• One fifth of the worlds population follow Islam,
  and are called Muslims (those who submit to
  Gods will).

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Five Pillars of Islam

• Profession of faith
• Prayer
• Helping the poor
• Fasting during Ramadan
• The Hajj

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Hajj in Makkah
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• The Crusades and Mongol invasions brought
  conflict and foreign control to the region.
• During 1800s, a European trained middle class
  developed in the region, with European ideas of
  nationalism.

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Nationalism

• The belief in the right of each people to be an
  independent nation.

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During 1960s

• Many previously European ruled North African and
  Southwest Asian territories gained their
  independence.
• Central Asian territories gained their
  independence in 1991.

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Nationalize

• To place a company or industry under government
  control.
• Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Saudi Arabia took control
  of foreign-owned oil companies within their
  borders.

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Israel

• Not a Muslim or Arab state
• Zionists began to settle in Palestine in the
  late 1800s
• Jewish state founded in Palestine in 1948

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Zionists

• An international political movement, organized in
  the 19th century, that supports a homeland for
  the Jewish people in the Land of Israel.

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After World War I

• The British gained control of Palestine.
• Supported a Jewish State.
• The Holocaust increased Western sympathy for the
  Zionist cause.

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After World War II

• In 1947, the UN partitioned Palestine into two
  separate states.
• Four major wars erupted between the Jews and the
  Arabs over the next 25 years.

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Palestinian State

• The 1993 peace settlement gave the Palestinians
  the Gaza Strip and the West Bank for Arab
  recognition that Israel has right to exist.

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Barriers to Palestine

• Jewish settlements in the West Bank.
• Status of Jerusalem.
• In January 2006, the Hamas gained control of the
  Palestinian National Authority.

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Hamas

• A Palestinian Sunni Islamist organization, whose
  charter (written in 1988 and still in effect)
  calls for the destruction of the State of Israel
  and its replacement with a Palestinian Islamic
  state.

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Persian Gulf War

• In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait.
• In January 1991, a 30 nation coalition force, led
  by the U.S., forced Saddam Hussein to withdraw
  his Iraqi forces from Kuwait.

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Embargo

• A ban on trade.
• Iraqs invasion of Kuwait forced the world
  community to impose a ban of trade with Iraq.

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War in Afghanistan

• In October 2001, American and British armies
  invaded Afghanistan to remove the Taliban
  government and to capture Osama bin Ladin.
• The Taliban were removed, but bin Ladin is still
  at large.

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Iraqi War

• The U.S. led invasion of Iraq, officially began
  on March 20, 2003.
• The stated objective of the invasion was "to
  disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to
  end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and
  to free the Iraqi people" .

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Saddam Hussein

• Dictator of Iraq from 1979 - 2003.
• Invaded Iran in 1980.
• Invaded Kuwait in 1990.
• Executed Dec. 30, 2006 for crimes against
  humanity.

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Monarchs Rule

• Saudi Arabia
• United Arab Emirates
• Morocco
• Jordan