Eastern Europe

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Eastern Europe
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Key Concepts

• Eastern Europe has great cultural diversity
  because many ethnic groups have settled there.
• Many empires have controlled parts of the
  region, leaving it with little experience of
  self-rule.

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Eastern Europe
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History of a Cultural Crossroads

• Cultures Meet
• Location between Asia and Europe shapes Eastern
  Europes history
• - migration creates diversity, empires delay
  independent nation-states
• Area includes
• - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
• Croatia, Hungary, Poland
• - Czech Republic, Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia,
• Slovenia, Yugoslavia
• Cultural crossroadsplace where various
  cultures cross paths
• - people move through the region, world powers
  try to control it

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• Empires and Kingdoms
• Rome holds Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria, Romania,
  Hungary
• - later held by Byzantine Empire, then Ottoman
• Empire in 1300s, 1400s
• Slavs move in from 400s to 600s Polish,
  Serbian kingdoms form
• - non-Slavic Magyars take Hungary in 800s later
• conquered by Ottomans
• Austria becomes great power in 1400s, takes
  Hungary from Ottomans
• - in late 1700s, Austria, Prussia, Russia divide
• up Poland

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Ottoman Empire
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Turmoil in the 20th Century

• War after War
• Balkan nations break from Ottoman Empire in
  1908
• - Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia defeat Ottomans in
• 1912
• - Balkanizationa region breaks up into small,
• hostile units
• Slavic Serbia wants to free Austria-Hungarian
  Slavs
• - Serb assassin kills Austrian noble, starts
  WWI

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Gavrilo Princip
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• War after War
• After war, Austria and Hungary split
• - Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland,
• Yugoslavia gain independence
• Germany takes Poland in 1939, starts WWII
• - Soviets capture, dominate Eastern European
• nations
• - they become Communist USSRs
• satellite nations

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Recent Changes

• In late 1980s, USSR has economic problems,
  Gorbachev makes reforms
• - Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania
• remove communism in 1989
• After communism comes instability, return to
  ethnic loyalties
• - Yugoslavia violently divides
• - Czechoslovakia splits Czech Republic,
  Slovakia

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Gorbachev
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Developing the Economy

• Industry
• Under communism, government owns and controls
  factories
• - inefficient system brings shortages, trade
• deficiencies, pollution
• After 1989, region tries market economymaking
  goods consumers want
• - factories are privately owned, but inflation,
• unemployment rise
• Cost cutting and improved production help some
  economies grow
• Lingering Problems
• Albania has old equipment, lack of materials,
  few educated workers
• Romanians lack money to invest government owns
  some industries

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A Patchwork Culture

• Cultural Diversity
• Numerous languages make regional unification
  difficult
• Religions include Catholicism (Roman) Eastern
  Orthodox (Byzantine)
• - Protestant minority Islam from Ottoman Empire
• Holocaust kills 6 million Jews, half of them
  from Poland
• Folk Art
• Folk art is produced by rural people with
  traditional lifestyles
• - pottery, woodcarving, traditional costumes
• Folk music influences Frédéric Chopin (Polish),
  Anton Dvorák (Czech)

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Ukrainian Easter Eggs
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Moving Toward Modern Life

• Less Urban Development
• Large cities include 1,000-year-old Prague in
  Czech Republic
• Most of region has fewer urban residents than
  rest of Europe
• - only 40 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 37
• in Albania live in cities
• Cities will grow as industry develops
• - so will pollution, traffic, housing problems
• Conflict
• Fierce loyalty to ethnic groups leads to
  violence
• - many Serbs hate Croats for WWII collaboration
• with Nazis

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Prague, Czech Republic
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• Conflict
• Discrimination against minority groups
• - anti-Semitismdiscrimination against Jewish
  people
• - discrimination against nomadic Romany (Gypsy)
  people
• Democracy
• Eastern Europeans must overcome old hatreds
• Unlike past dictators, officials must obey the
  rule of the law
• - in 2000, Yugoslavs force out a dictator who
  lost the election

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