JUDGMENT AND PROPOSITION

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JUDGMENT AND PROPOSITION

• RONNIE ESPERGAL PASIGUI, Ph.L., M.A.

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MENTAL ACTS AND PRODUCTS
Mental Acts Mental Products External Sign



Simple Apprehension
Idea
Term
Judgment
Enunciation / Judgment
Proposition
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THREE ACTS OF THE MIND
APPLE
RED
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LOGIC OF PROPOSITIONS

• JUDGMENT
• Second act of the mind by which the mind affirms
  or denies the relationship between one idea and
  another idea
• The act of the mind by which propositions or
  statements will be determined as true or false.

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TRUTH AND FALSITY

• TRUTH (logical truth)
• Judgment or proposition agrees or corresponds
  with the reality outside the mind
• FALSITY
• Judgment or proposition does not conform or agree
  with the reality outside the mind

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TWO KINDS OF JUDGMENT

• ANALYTIC (necessary or a priori)
• The subject can be thought of as contained in the
  predicate and the predicate is contained also in
  the subject
• A square is a polygon with four equal sides.
• SYNTHETIC (contingent or a posteriori)
• The subject is not contained in the predicate and
  vice versa
• Mangoes are sweet.

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PROPOSITION

• PROPOSITION
• External manifestation or sign of judgment
• A statement that affirms or denies something
  about a certain reality or object

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KINDS OF PROPOSITION

• Categorical Proposition
• The affirmation or denial between two concepts is
  expressed in a direct or unconditional manner.
• Ex. Man is a rational being.
• Hypothetical Proposition
• The affirmation or denial between two concepts is
  expressed in an indirect and conditional manner.
• Ex. If man can think, then he is rational.

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CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

• CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
• A proposition wherein the judgment is done in an
  absolute manner.
• A proposition that makes a direct assertion
• Relates two classes or categories subject term
  and predicate term

SUBJECT
COPULA
PREDICATE
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CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

• 4 TYPES OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
• All Filipinos are honest people.
• No Filipino is honest people.
• Some Filipinos are honest people.
• Not all Filipinos are honest people.
• STANDARD FORM a categorical proposition that
  expresses these relationships with complete
  clarity
• All Filipinos are honest people

Quantifier
Predicate
Subject
Copula
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CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

• QUANTIFIERS
• Specify how much of the subject class is included
  in or excluded from the predicate class.
• All men are rational.
• No man is an island.
• Some men are criminals.
• Not all men are criminals.
• Note tenses and numbers are irrelevant

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QUANTITY OF PROPOSITION

• Equivalent to the quantity of its subject
• Singular the subject stands for a single
  definite individual/group
• Plato is a philosopher.
• Particular the subject designates an indefinite
  part of its total extension
• Some fruits are not edible.
• Universal the subject applies to every portion
  of the term being indicated
• All men are mortal.

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QUANTIFIER OF PROPOSITION
Universal Particular Singular
All, any, anything, anyone, anybody, always Each, every, everything, everybody, everyone No, nothing, no one, nobody, never Whatever, whoever, whichever Articles like the, a and an (for universal idea) Some, something, someone, somebody, sometimes, few ,several, plenty, most, majority, many, a good number, Almost all, almost every, almost everything , almost everyone, almost everybody, very many, very few, practically all, practically every, not all, not many, not every The use of numbers like ten percent or 800 or 1 kilo All superlatives (best, worst, excellent, etc.) All demonstrative pronouns (that, this, those, etc.) The use of article the (for specific object)
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QUALITY OF PROPOSITION

• Depends on whether it affirms or denies class
  membership
• The copula is the qualifier of the proposition.
• Affirmative all or some of the subject are
  contained in the class of the predicate
• All men are mortals.
• Negative all or some of the subject are not
  contained in the class of the predicate
• All dogs are not reptiles.

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QUANTITY OF THE PREDICATE

• Singular if the predicate indicates any signs
  of singularity (proper noun)
• The 13th president of RP is Joseph Estrada.
• Particular if the predicate is not singular and
  copula is affirmative
• Mario is a carpenter.
• Universal if the predicate is not singular and
  copula is negative
• Peter is not a reptile.

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QUANTITY and QUALITY

• All lawyers are dishonest persons.
• He is an ineligible person.
• Some animals are non-mammals.
• No junkfood is nutritious.
• Some animals are not edible.
• Not all sinners are sincere.
• Every mother is a woman.
• Not every student is a Tomasian

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QUALITY QUANTITY

• Baguio City is the summer capital of the
  Philippines.
• Many pine trees are sources of that distinctive
  Baguio air.
• No strawberries are durian fruits.
• All tourists are sightseers of the Burnham Park.
• Not all Igorots are excellent wood carvers.
• Some lucky children are lively horseback riders.
• The everlasting is a distinct Baguio flower.
• Several market vendors are not natives.

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KINDS OF CATEGORICAL

• AFFIRMO I affirm
• NEGO I deny
• A proposition universal or singular subject and
  affirmative copula
• E proposition universal or singular/negative
• I proposition particular / affirmative
• O proposition particular / negative

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KINDS OF CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION QUANTITY QUALITY
A UNIVERSAL OR SINGULAR AFFIRMATIVE
E UNIVERSAL OR SINGULAR NEGATIVE
I PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
O PARTICULAR NEGATIVE
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A PROPOSITIONS

• All roses are flowers.
• Every cloud has its silver lining.
• George Bush is a president.
• Each Planet is part of the solar system.

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E PROPOSITIONS

• No atheist is a believer in God.
• Joseph Estrada is not the current Philippine
  President.
• All plants are not animals.
• A squash is not an eggplant.

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I PROPOSITIONS

• Some philosophers are atheist.
• Practically all imported goods are expensive.
• Most cultures are deeply religious.
• Quite a few tourists are nature lovers.

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O PROPOSITIONS

• Some dogs are not black.
• Not all women are fickle.
• A few Filipinos are not literate.
• Not everyone who smile are friendly.

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A, E, I, O

• All soldiers are patriotic.
• No sinners are saints.
• An orangutan is an ape.
• Mabini is a Filipino hero.
• I am not a lawyer.
• Filipinos are nature-lovers.
• Most rebels are not freedom fighters.
• Not every husband is faithful.
• Some philosophers are atheists.

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A, E, I O

• All lawyers are dishonest persons.
• He is an ineligible person.
• Some animals are non-mammals.
• No junkfood is nutritious.
• Some animals are not edible.
• Not all sinners are sincere.
• Every mother is a woman.
• Not every student is a Tomasian

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URL

• http//spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?keypdbmDYd5-XW
  RI7w8C5mVSAw
• rayanncagampang.yolasite.com