A Crisis in Confidence 1968-1981 Chapter 31

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A Crisis in Confidence 1968-1981Chapter 31

• What caused Americans to suffer a crisis of
  confidence during the 1970s?

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Standards

• SSUSH25
• The student will describe changes in national
  politics since 1968.
• Element SSUSH25.a
• Describe President Richard M. Nixon's opening of
  China, his resignation due to the Watergate
  scandal, changing attitudes toward government,
  and the Presidency of Gerald Ford.
• Element SSUSH25.b
• Explain the impact of Supreme Court decisions on
  ideas about civil liberties and civil rights
  including such decisions as Roe v. Wade (1973 and
  the Bakke decision on affirmative action).
• Element SSUSH25.c
• Explain the Carter administrations efforts in the
  Middle East including the Camp David Accords, his
  response to the 1979 Iranian Revolution and
  Iranian hostage crisis.

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Nixon and the Watergate ScandalSection 1

• What events led to Richard Nixons resignation as
  President in 1974?
• Vocabulary
• -silent majority affirmative action
• -stagflation Watergate
• -OPEC southern strategy
• -executive privilege
• -Twenty-fifth Amendment

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Sec 1 Nixon and the Watergate Scandal
Nixon and the Watergate Scandal
Nixons Policies Target Middle America   Main
Idea Richard Nixon believed in giving most power
to the states, but did establish some strong
federal agencies while in office. Nixon Follows
a Southern Strategy Main Idea Nixon tried to
win support of conservative southerners to expand
his popularity. The Watergate Scandal Brings
Nixon Down Main Idea When Nixon was linked to
the break-in of Democratic Party headquarters and
subsequent cover-up, the investigation and
scandal forced him to resign.
Continued
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1968

• Antiwar sentiment increases Tet Offensive,
  surprise attack against South Vietnam North
  defeated, but Americans felt victory was
  impossible
• Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated April 4,
  1968 in Memphis by James Earl Ray
• Robert Kennedy assassinated on June 6, 1968 in
  Los Angeles
• Violence at the Democratic Convention, August,
  1968
• Election of 1968 Nixon defeated Hubert Humphrey

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Tet Offensive
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(No Transcript)
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Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
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1968 Democratic Convention
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The Nixon Administration

• Grew up in a low-income family in CA
• Experienced in politics vice president under
  Eisenhower
• Reserved and uncomfortable with people
• Wanted to increase the power of the President
• Staff H. R. Haldeman, chief of staff
• John Ehrlichman, chief
  domestic advisor
• John Mitchell, Attorney
  General
• Henry Kissinger, Secretary
  of State

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Domestic Policy

• Inflation had doubled before he took office due
  to theVietnam War
• High unemployment
• Used deficit spending to stimulate the economy
• Froze wages, prices, and rents for 90 days
• Oil crisis OPEC imposed an oil embargo on the
  U.S. due to war between Israel and the Arab
  nations of Egypt and Syria, causing a recession
• Kent State University four students killed by
  National Guard

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Kent State
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First Moon Landing

• Apollo 11 astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, July 20,
  1969
• Thats one small step for man, one giant leap
  for mankind
• Edwin E. Buzz Aldrin, Jr. and Michael Collins
  were part of the accomplishment
• Collected rock and soil samples and set up
  instruments to monitor conditions on the moon
• Quarantined for 18 days

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The First Moon Landing
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Nixon Targets Middle America

• New Federalism lessen power in Washington in
  favor of more power for states included revenue
  sharing with states
• Silent majority Middle Americans
• Expands governments role
• -Occupational Safety and Health
  Administration (OSHA)
• -Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
• -Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• -Clean Air Act
• Economy struggles
• -stagflation stagnating economy and
  inflation
• -Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries (OPEC)

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Chart Inflation and Unemployment Rates, 1970-1980
Inflation and Unemployment Rates, 1970-1980
CHART
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Southern Strategy

• Controversy rages over busing
• -Nixon nominated conservative southerners as
  federal judges
• -1971, federal courts ordered students bused
  to achieve racial balance
• -Nixon criticized court ordered busing
• -Won the support of those who opposed busing
• Philadelphia Plan required labor unions and
  contractors to submit goals and timetables for
  hiring minorities form of affirmative action

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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
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Graph Presidential Election of 1972
Presidential Election of 1972
GRAPH
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Nixons Foreign Policy

• Henry Kissinger fled Nazi Germany for U.S.
  realpolitik practical politics 1973 Nobel
  Peace Prize for ending Viet Nam War
• Détente relaxing tensions with Soviet Union and
  China
• 1972, Nixon visited China and met with Mao Zedong
• Visited Soviet Union and met with Premier Leonid
  Brezhnev
• SALT I held number in ICBMs and
  submarine-launched missiles at 1972 levels for
  five years

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Watergate Scandal

• Enemies List
• Wiretaps
• The Plumbers special White House unit to stop
  government leaks
• Election dirty tricks
• Watergate break-in E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon
  Liddy headed break-in of Democratic headquarters
  in June 1972 five men arrested Nixon tried to
  stop the FBI investigation coverup tried to
  bribe the defendants

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Watergate Burglars
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Watergate Trial

• Nixon elected in Nov. 1972
• All five burglars found guilty
• Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl
  Bernstein investigated informer gave them
  information W. Mark Felt, second at the FBI
• Special prosecutor Archibald Cox asked for tapes
  Nixon fired him Saturday Night Massacre
• Leon Jaworski appointed and asked for tapes
• Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned over income
  taxes and taking bribes Gerald Ford is chosen.

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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Causes and
Effects
Reading Skill Identify Causes and Effects
NOTE TAKING
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Analyze Political Cartoons The Watergate Scandal
Political Cartoons The Watergate Scandal
TRANSPARENCY
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Impeachment?

• House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach the
  President
• To avoid impeachment by the House, Nixon resigns
  on August 5, 1974 I am not a crook.
• Only President to ever resign
• Gerald Ford becomes President with Nelson
  Rockefeller as Vice President (neither were
  elected by the American people)
• Watergate is the low point in American political
  history

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Chart Post-Watergate Government Reforms
Post-Watergate Government Reforms
CHART
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Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 1
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Progress Monitoring Transparency
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The Ford and Carter YearsSection 2

• What accounted for the changes in American
  attitudes during the 1970s?
• Vocabulary
• -Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter
• -pardon amnesty
• -televangelist
• -Christian fundamentalist

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Sec 2 The Ford and Carter Years
The Ford and Carter Years
Ford Faces Political and Economic Woes Main
Idea When Gerald Ford became President he was
criticized for pardoning Nixon and failing to
solve inflation and other economic troubles. A
Washington Outsider Becomes President Main
Idea Jimmy Carter portrayed himself as a
common President, but his inexperience hurt him
when he had to deal with inflation and an energy
crisis. Changing Values Stir Unease Main Idea
Cultural and demographical changes in the 1970s
had long-lasting effects on politics and society
in the United States. Continued. . .
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President Ford

• Spiro Agnew resigned in 1973 as Vice President
• Richard Nixon resigned in 1975 Ford chose Nelson
  Rockefeller as his Vice President neither were
  elected
• Ford pardoned Nixon country was against the
  pardon
• Economy in recession with high inflation and
  unemployment stagflation
• War Powers Act (1) notify Congress within 48
  hours if send troops (2) troops stay overseas 60
  days without Congressional approval (3) Congress
  can bring troops home by passing a concurrent
  resolution

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Fords Policies

• Helsinki Accords nations of Europe on record in
  favor of human rights
• SALTII pledged to limit nuclear arms
• Trouble in Southeast Asia
• -U.S. did not intervene in Laos genocide
• -South Vietnam fell to communists in 1975
• -boat people largest mass migration by sea

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Foreign Policy

• North Vietnam took over South Vietnam
• American airlift rescued thousands of Americans
  and Vietnamese
• Helsinki Accords, U.S., Canada, Soviet Union, and
  30 European nations pledge to cooperate

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Transparency Rising Fuel Prices
Rising Fuel Prices
TRANSPARENCY
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Carter Administration

• Jimmy Carter wins the election of 1976
• No national experience former governor of
  Georgia
• No experience in dealing with Congress
• Amnesty, or political pardons for draft evaders
• Human rights diplomacy
• Camp David Accords Menachem Begin of Israel and
  Anwar El-Sadat of Egypt Israel returned Sinai
  peninsula and Egypt recognized Israel
• Panama Canal return to Panama by 2000
• Recognition of Peoples Republic of China
• SALT II limited nuclear warheads and missiles

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Carters Domestic Issues

• Inflation was 10 percent
• Created the Department of Energy to help save
  fuel
• Three Mile Island partial meltdown of the core
  occurred, releasing some radiation
• Nuclear industry suffered
• Amnesty granted to those who had evaded the draft
  during the Vietnam War
• Civil Rights
• Affirmative action

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Carters Foreign Policies

• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• Friction with the Soviet Union SALT II treaty
  withdrawn from Senate
• Sanctions boycott of 1980 Summer Olympic games
  held in Moscow
• Mariel boatlift Cubans allowed to come to U.S.,
  some were criminals
• Returned the Panama Canal to Panama in 1999
• Iran seizes American Hostages Ayatollah Khomeini

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Iran Hostage Crisis

• Soviets invaded Afghanistan
• United Nations called for a Soviet withdrawal
• Carter withheld grain shipments to the Soviets
• SALT II treaty not sent to Senate
• Carter boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

• U.S. had supported the Shah of Iran, who was
  corrupt
• Pahlavi, the Shah, was overthrown by the
  Ayatollah Khomeini, a fundamentalist Islamic
  leader
• 1979, 66 Americans taken hostage for 444 days

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Hostages Freed 1981

• Carter authorized a commando rescue mission that
  ended with 8 American deaths before reaching the
  hostages
• Hostages released the day Ronald Reagan became
  president

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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
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Chart Immigration to the United States 1971-1980
Immigration to the United States, 1971-1980
CHART
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Transparency Moving to the Sunbelt
Moving to the Sunbelt
TRANSPARENCY
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Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 2
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Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Foreign Policy TroublesSection 3

• What were the goals of American foreign policy
  during the Ford and Carter years, and how
  successful were Fords and Carters policies?
• Vocabulary
• -Helsinki Accords sanctions
• -human rights developing world
• -SALTII Camp David Accords
• -boat people Ayatollah Khomeini

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Sec 3 Foreign Policy Troubles
Foreign Policy Troubles
Ford Continues Nixons Foreign Policies   Main
Idea Gerald Ford followed Nixons foreign policy
ideas and pursued détente with the Soviet Union
and China. Carter Changes Course Main Idea
Carter believed that human rights should be a
guideline for foreign policy, affecting
relationships with the Soviet Union and Latin
America. Success and Setback in the Middle
East Main Idea Carter helped Egypt and Israel
negotiate a peace treaty, but also faced setbacks
in the Middle East when Iran radicals held
Americans hostage.
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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Supporting
Details
Reading Skill Identify Supporting Details
NOTE TAKING
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Transparency Camp David Accords
Camp David Accords
TRANSPARENCY
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Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 3
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Progress Monitoring Transparency