AP REVIEW SESSION 1450-1750

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AP REVIEW SESSION 1450-1750
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• Changes in Europe affect the whole world
• Note status of Europe pre-1450
• 1450 Europe in early stages of growth
• 1750 Europe dominating world trade, cause for
  population movements, governments, interactions
  w/ indigenous populations

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REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT EXPRESSION IN EUROPE
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The Renaissance(ch. 14)

• Post Black Death increase in population, trade,
  middle class
• Medieval Europe Church and afterlife local
  concerns for well-being
• Crusades brought ancient texts back from
  Islamic/Byzantine regions
• Humanism celebration of human achievements
  poetry, history, language, moral philosophy
• Northern Italy trade city-states
• Art real human figures, 3-D, palaces/cathedrals
  (Sistine Chapel)
• Michelangelo, Leo da Vinci,
• Spread to North and Western Europe
• Art/artists commissioned by Church and secular
  leaders
• Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg (tech from
  Song China) allowed texts in native languages
• New writing Machiavelli, Thomas More, Erasmus,
  Shakespeare

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Protestant and Counter-Reformations (ch. 16)

• Protestant Reformation
• Role of printing press
• 1517 Martin Luther/ 95 Theses
• Lutherans, Calvinists
• Henry VIII and Anglican Church of England
• Southern Europe mostly Catholic
• Northern Germany/Scandanavia Lutheran
• Scotland (Calvinist), England (Anglican)

• Counter-Reformation
• Win back souls
• Clarify position, supreme authority of pope
• Role of Jesuits example and conversions
• Council of Trent 1545-1563 Churchs positions,
  trials of heretics, Latin

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The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (ch.
16)

• Scientific Revolution
• Role of Renaissance/Prot. Ref
• 1543 Copernicus Heliocentric theory
• 1632 Galileo proved Helio theory question
  Church authority
• Works banned
• Scientific method
• Rift in society Church vs. Scientific findings

• Enlightenment
• Reform society w/ rational laws that governed
  society
• Divine right vs. reason
• Social Contract
• The Dead Guys
• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Leviathan man evil,
  need good ruler
• Locke(1632-1704) born free, inalienable rights
• Rousseau (1712-1778) all men equal, majority
  rule
• Voltaire Montesquieu

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DEVELOPMENTS IN SPECIFIC COUNTRIES AND EMPIRES
1450-1750

• Spain/Portugal
• England
• France
• Germany
• Ottoman Empire

• Russia
• India
• China
• Japan

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Spain/Portugal (ch. 14, 15)

• 1469 King Ferdinand Queen Isabella unite Spain
• Support of exploration naval fleet
• Charles V (Hapsburg, inherited empire), abdicated
  in 1556. Phillip II took throne
• Spanish Inquisition again, Dutch Netherlands
  independent
• Defeated by English in 1588
• Gold from New World not enough to maintain power

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England (ch. 16)

• Henry VIII 1509-1547 Church of England
• Elizabeth (Henrys daughter) golden age
• Elizabethan Age 1558-1603 commercial expansion,
  exploration, colonization (joint-stock companies)
• Religious battles- Puritans
• English Civil War 1641 Oliver Cromwell
• Establishment of English Commonwealth Stuart
  Restoration 1660-1688
• Glorious Revolution 1688 bloodless, William
  Mary of Netherlands English Bill of Rights 1689
  monarchs Anglican and powers limited

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France (ch. 16)

• 100 Years War English out of France
• 1598 Edict of Nantes toleration b/t Catholics
  and Hugenots (French Protestants)
• Bourbon Kings until 1792
• Cardinal Richelieu advisor to Bourbons to
  strengthen Fr. Crown Cardinal Mazarin Louis
  XIV
• Louis XIV Sun King glorify France w/ arts
  Versailles
• Jean Baptist Colbert mercantilist warfare
  increase size of Fr. Empire
• Wars very costly, still center of the arts

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German Regions (ch. 16)

• Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to
  Ottoman Turks in 1500s
• 30 Yrs War (1618-1648) weakened HR Emperors
• 1700s, Prussia (northern German city-sts) gaining
  power
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg end C vs. P wars, but 30
  Yrs War ended it
• 30 Yrs War France benefit, most powerful ctry
  Prussia dominate German territories
• 1648 Peace of Westphalia small German c-s
  independent- Prussia

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Ottoman Empire (ch. 19)

• End of Mongols start of Ottoman Empire
• 1453 Turks take Constantinople, end Byz Empire
  Christianity out, Islam in
• Growth of empire Janissaries
• Selim I 1512- Islamic center _at_ Istanbul
• Suleiman the Magnificent 1520, golden age, push
  to Eastern Europe- Hungary, siege of Vienna

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Russia (ch. 20)

• Center of Orthodox Christianity after fall of
  Byzantines
• 1480 Ivan III no more Mongols Ivan IV (the
  Terrible) estab absolute rule Cossacks used to
  expand East
• 1613 Michael Romanov (Dynasty to 1917)-
  consolidate power expand empire
• 1689 Russia to Pacific Ocean, border w/ Qing
  Empire
• Peter the Great 1682-1725 Westernization use
  of serfs
• Catherine the Great 1762-1796 enlightened
  despot, westernization expansion to Poland and
  Black Sea use of serfs

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India (ch. 19)

• 1526 Babur defeated Delhi Sultanate
• Mughal Empire united India, previously not done
• Akbar 1556-1605 religious toleration for H I
  no more head tax or sati allowed for mixing
• Golden Age of art, architecture Taj Mahal
• Post-Akbar India no religious toleration and
  Euro involvement
• Pre-1750 Europeans not seen as threat to India
  trade allowed

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China (ch. 20)

• 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty Confucian, civil service
  exam
• Zheng He!!! Why did he go? Why did he come
  back?
• 1644 Qing Dynasty (Manchu from north) Kangxi
  1662-1722, Qianlong 1735-1795
• Expansion of Chinese empire while closing off to
  outside world
• Canton System
• McCartney Mission 1793

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Japan (ch. 20)

• 1185 Kamakura -gt 1500 Ashikaga -gt
• 1600-1868 Tokugawa Shogunate capital to Edo
  (Tokyo) seclusion from outside
• Class system, decentralized
• Industrial families
• Closing of Japan to prevent spread of foreign
  influence (Dutch allowed at Deshima)
• Regional outer lords profited from illegal
  trade

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EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONandEXPANSION

• Pre-1450 land travel Indian Ocean Med. Sea
  linked up w/ routes thru Persia, Arabia,
  N.Africa, C. Asia from Silk Road

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Portuguese and Spanish Explorations (ch. 15)

• Portugal
• Geography
• Royal family supported exploration
• Prince Henry the Navigator,
• 1488 Dias rounds southern tip of Africa
• 1497 Vasco da Gama, rounds Cape of Good Hope E.
  Africa, India
• Control of Brazil

• Spain
• United F I financed explorations
• 1492 Columbus thought China/India located where
  Americas are- found Cuba and West Indies
• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas
• Spain controlled most of C S. America

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Explorers and Technology(ch. 15)

• God, Gold, Glory
• Vespucci
• Cabot
• Ponce de Leon
• Vasco de Balboa
• Magellan
• Pizarro vs. Atahualpa
• Cortes vs. Montezuma
• Drake
• Hudson

• Technologies
• Lateen sails
• Astrolabe
• Magnetic Compass
• Three-Masted Caravels

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Impact of Explorations New World Empires(ch.
15, 17)

• 1519 Cortes to Mexico Aztecs no horses
• -Montezuma thought Cortes a god, sent gold
• -Cortes and men took capital, decimated empire
• 1531 Pizarro meets Atahualpa (Incan emperor)
  Incas destroyed, Pizarro in control of region by
  1535
• Patterns of Dominance 1) Isolation
  vulnerability
• 2) Spanish military tech steel, horses 3)
  established practices of forced labor,
  conversion, empire building from Europe

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LABOR SYSTEMS(ch. 17, 18)

• Social Hierarchy
• Peninsulares ? Creoles ? Mestizos ?Mulattos ?
  native Americans

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Encomienda System(ch. 17)

• Viceroys ran Spanish empire New Spain
• Natives divided among Peninsulares for labor
• Discovery of silver in Peru and Mexico in 1540s
  meant more demand
• Mita system Amerindians forced to work 6
  months/yr (every 7 yrs) in mines, farms, textile
  factories
• African slave labor introduced as Amerindian
  population declined

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African Slave Trade/Atlantic System (ch. 18)

• Portuguese took slaves in early explorations
• Demand from New World plantations
• African rulers cooperated w/ slavers why?
• Atlantic System food, goods, weapons for people
  Triangle Trade, etc.
• What motivated Euros? Africans?

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Demographic ShiftsEnvironmental
ChangesColumbian Exchange

• Whole civilizations wiped out Arawak, Aztec,
  Inca
• European emigration
• Forced migrations
• Growth of middle class in Europe power of
  colonial govts growing
• Massive changes from 1450!!!

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The Columbian Exchange

• New foods, animals, resources to New World
• Europe/Africa to Americas horses, pigs, goats,
  chili peppers, sugar cane
• Americas to Europe/Africa squash, beans, corn,
  potatoes, cacao
• Diseases, weapons, people transferred

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A New Global Economy

• Age of Exploration b/c of financing, support by
  govt and rulers
• Banking Church gave in to state interests
• Joint-stock companies got royal charters for
  colonies
• Colonies or monopolies on trade routes
• British East India Co, Dutch East India Co.
• Mercantilism- all about the mother country raw
  materials and markets
• Resentment in colonies

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Comparisons

• Compare European monarchies w/ land-based Asian
  Empires
• Compare labor systems Atlantic slave trade
  plantation vs. encomienda systems
• Compare the building of empires in Asia, Africa,
  Europe how was power consolidated? Who had
  control? Who lost it?
• Compare Russias interaction w/ West and China or
  the Ottoman Empire

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The Big Picture!

• Questions to consider
• Why did Europe become the dominant power
  1450-1750? Why were some European nation-states
  develop vast empires?
• How did the various non-European cultures
  interact w/ Europeans? Why? Consequences?
• How did the global economy change from 1450-1750?
• How were the worlds civilizations impacted?