Chapters 8, 9,

1
Chapters 8, 9, 10

• Stratification

2
Social Inequality

• Members of a society have different amounts of
  wealth, power, and prestige.
• Some degree of inequality in every society

3
Social Stratification

• System by which society ranks categories of
  people in a hierarchy
• Stratification is a trait of society, not simply
  a reflection of individual differences.
• Stratification persists over generations.
• Stratification is universal but variable.
• Stratification involves not just inequality but
  beliefs.

4
Social mobility

• Change in ones position in the hierarchy
• Vertical mobility up or down in the hierarchy
• Horizontal mobility lateral movement
• Intergenerational mobility changes in the
  social position of children relative to their
  parents.
• Intragenerational mobility changes within a
  persons adult life

5
Systems

• Open systems permit some social mobility
• Closed systems allow for very little change in
  social position

6
Karl Marx

• Stratification gives some people advantages over
  others.
• Classes defined by relationship to the means of
  production
• Bourgeoisie people who own factories and other
  productive businesses
• Proletariat sell their productive labor to the
  capitalists
• Alienation experience of isolation and misery
  resulting from powerlessness

7
Max Weber

• 3 components of stratification
• Class similar level of wealth and income
• Status people who rank the same in prestige and
  lifestyle
• Power ability to exercise ones will over
  others
• Position in stratification reflects a combination
  of all 3.

8
Social Classes in the U.S.

• Upper class
• Upper-uppers less than 1 of the population
• Lower-uppers working rich rely on earnings
  rather than inherited wealth 3 to 4 of
  population
• Middle class 40 to 45 of pop.
• Upper middles - 80-100K
• Average-middles - 40-60K less prestigious
  white or highly skilled blue
• Working class - 20-40K blue collar jobs, 1/3
  of pop.
• Lower class lives unstable and insecure, 20 of
  pop.

9
Poverty

• Relative poverty deprivation of some people
  relative to those who have more
• Absolute poverty deprivation of resources that
  is life-threatening

10
Who are the poor?

• Stereotype unmotivated individuals who are
  unwilling to work
• Reality
• 40 are children
• Of poor adults, roughly 60 are not able to work
  due to illness, disability, age, or homemaker
  status
• 2/3 are women, many which are in transition due
  to departure, disability, or death of spouse

11
A New Look at Poverty in America

• Whites are the most numerous welfare recipients
• Roughly 3 times as much federal money is spent on
  Social Security and Medicare as is spent on
  welfare
• 90 of people classified as poor move out of
  poverty within 5 years
• Over half live in suburbs and rural areas

12
Global Inequality

• High-income countries rich, industrialized
  nations
• Middle-income countries some industrialization
  but primarily agriculture
• Low-income countries primarily agrarian with
  little industry

13
Modernization Theory

• Model of economic and social development that
  explains global inequality in terms of
  technological and cultural differences among
  nations.
• -Technology raises standard of living
• -Tradition greatest barrier to economic
  development
• Rich nations play important roles in economic
  development.
• Helping control population
• Increasing food production
• Providing foreign aid

14
Dependency Theory

• Model of economic and social development that
  explains global inequality in terms of the
  historical exploitation of poor societies by rich
  ones
• Economic success of rich societies achieved at
  the expense of poor ones

15
Gender Stratification

• Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and
  privilege between men and women.
• Patriarchy a form of social organization in
  which males dominate females
• Matriarchy a form of social organization in
  which females dominate males
• Sexism belief that one sex is innately superior
  to the other

16
Gender and Socialization

• Gender roles attitudes and activities that
  society links to each sex
• Family
• Peer groups
• Schooling

17
Second shift

• Entry in labor force has not substantially
  reduced involvement in housework

18
Violence against women

• Domestic violence
• Rape
• Sexual harassment comments, gestures, or
  physical contact of a sexual nature that are
  deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome

19
Feminism

• Advocacy of social equality for men and women, in
  opposition to patriarchy and sexism
• Basic feminist ideas
• Importance of change
• Expanding human choice
• Eliminating gender stratification
• Ending sexual violence
• Promoting sexual freedom