Biome Review and MORE!!!

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Biome Review and MORE!!!
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Aquatic Biomes

• Estuaries
• Semi enclosed areas where rivers flow into the
  ocean.
• Because rivers carry a large amount of sediments
  and nutrients, they are extremely fertile areas.
  Oysters, young fish, crabs and more thrive here.

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aquatic biome a biome that includes all organisms
thatlive within fresh water or salt water

• Freshwater
• these habitats include ponds, streams,
• lakes, rivers and wetlands they are
• called freshwater because of the low
• amount of salt In the water
• Lakes large bodies of water that are
• surrounded by land
• Ponds small bodies of water that are
• surrounded by land

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Lake zonation

• Littoral- closest to shore
• Limnetic- open water
• Euphotic- area under water that receives light
• Benthic- bottom

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• WETLANDS large areas of shallow water also
• known as swamps
• STREAMS small bodies of freshwater moving in one
• direction
• Rivers large bodies of freshwater moving in one
• direction
• Marine saltwater habitats
• Oceans the largest marine biome in the world

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Oceanic Zones
Zone Description
Aphotic Depths where less than 1 of light can reach
Benthic Lowest level of a body of water
Disphotic Zone that is dimly lit and does not have enough light to carry out photosynthesis
Neritic From low tide to the edge of the continental shelf, well oxygenated due to photosynthesis
Oceanic Open sea
Euphotic Depth of water exposed to sunlight in open ocean.
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• Intertidal Zone
• An area of the ocean between the high-tide mark
  and the low-tide mark.
• Always changing with the tides, so organisms
  living here must be able to adapt rapidly. Sand
  dollars, sea gulls, barnacles, hermit crabs, and
  more thrive in this biome.

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• Neritic Zone
• Near-shore part of the ocean that extends out
  over the continental shelf.
• Relatively stable, it is teaming with life.
  Coral reefs are found here, homes for corals,
  seaweeds, fish, starfish, sharks, sponges,
  octopi, and more.

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Land Biomes

• Tundra
• Cold, dry, mostly treeless land biome that
  encircles the Arctic Ocean.
• Most of the soil remains frozen year round so
  plants, such as grasses, mosses and small shrubs,
  are short plants with shallow roots. Animals are
  adapted to survive long winters and short
  breeding seasons. Lemmings, caribou, polar
  bears, and various birds and insects live here.

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• Temperate Deciduous Forest
• A biome with a temperate climate and is
  characterized by deciduous trees.
• Trees that drop their leaves each year. Some of
  these trees include oaks, hickories, and elms.
  There is a large variety of tree-dwelling
  species, such as woodpeckers, squirrels, and owls.

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• Tropical Rain Forest
• Warm, wet biomes that have more biodiversity than
  any other ecosystem in the world.
• More than 100 different kinds of trees can be
  found. Thousands of different species of birds,
  bats, insects, monkeys. All of these species are
  able to live directly or indirectly off of the
  wide variety of plant life.

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• Grasslands
• Biomes in which the main types of plants are
  grasses.
• Soil is usually deep and fertile, but the climate
  is often too dry to support a forest. Animals
  such as bison, antelope, gophers, rabbits.

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• Desert
• Dry environments that generally receive less than
  25 cm of rain annually.
• Some support no plant life at all, others support
  cacti and other water-conserving plants.
  Lizards, snakes, spiders, scorpions, camels and
  jack rabbits can be found here.

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Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in an estuary?

• A. coral
• B. shark
• C. oyster
• D. sand dollar

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Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in an estuary?

• A. coral
• B. shark
• C. oyster
• D. sand dollar

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Which kind of environment would cacti most likely
be found in?

• A. hot, dry environment
• B. hot, wet environment
• C. cold, dry environment
• D. cold, wet environment

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Which kind of environment would cacti most likely
be found in?

• A. hot, dry environment
• B. hot, wet environment
• C. cold, dry environment
• D. cold, wet environment

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Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in a grassland environment?

• A. moose
• B. gorilla
• C. squirrel
• D. prairie dog

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Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in a grassland environment?

• A. moose
• B. gorilla
• C. squirrel
• D. prairie dog

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What kinds of organisms would be found living in
a tundra?

• A. organisms that are adapted to live in the cold
• B. organisms that are adapted to live at high
  altitudes
• C. organisms that are adapted to live in wet
  conditions
• D. organisms that are adapted to live in sunny
  conditions

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What kinds of organisms would be found living in
a tundra?

• A. organisms that are adapted to live in the cold
• B. organisms that are adapted to live at high
  altitudes
• C. organisms that are adapted to live in wet
  conditions
• D. organisms that are adapted to live in sunny
  conditions

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Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in a temperature deciduous forest?

• A. cactus
• B. palm
• C. maple tree
• D. banana tree

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Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in a temperature deciduous forest?

• A. cactus
• B. palm
• C. maple tree
• D. banana tree

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Why are trees not able to grow in most grasslands?

• A. the climate is too dry
• B. the climate is too wet
• C. the climate is too cold
• D. the climate is too warm

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Why are trees not able to grow in most grasslands?

• A. the climate is too dry
• B. the climate is too wet
• C. the climate is too cold
• D. the climate is too warm

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Writing FRQs- WRITE ON PINK LOOK AT GREEN

• Each sentence that you write (or most) should be
  composed in the format
• Whichthereforethat
• Practice Do cigarettes cause cancer?
• Dont bullet, write full sentences!!
• Start with the one you know LEAST about and write
  SOMETHING
• Work your way to the one you know most about so
  you dont run out of TIME!!
• If questions asks for 2, only GIVE 2!!
• Dont write an intro sentenceJUST ANSWER THE
  QUESTION!!

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TROUBLE AREAS

• CONNECTIONS
• Example Eutrification when runoff of
  nutrients from fertilizers ?increases nutrients
  in water systems like ponds? increases algae
  growth? DECAY? lowers Dissolved Oxygen

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Example

• Global Warming when increased burning of fossil
  fuels releases carbon dioxide? above normal
  amounts of thermal heat is trapped in the
  troposphere and less C is stored in water as
  water temperatures increase? global temperatures
  rise and water gets more acidic as carbonic acid
  (H2CO3) forms in water

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GHG review

• The major greenhouse gases in the lower
  atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide,
  methane, and nitrous oxide.
• These gases have always been present in the
  earths troposphere in varying concentrations.
• GHGs absorb and emit radiation

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Effects of Higher CO2 Levels on Photosynthesis

• Increased CO2 in the troposphere can increase
  plant photosynthesis (PS) but
• The increase in PS would slow as the plants reach
  maturity.
• Carbon stored by the plants would be returned to
  the atmosphere as CO2 when the plants die.
• Increased PS decreases the amount of carbon
  stored in the soil.
• Tree growth may temporarily slow CO2 emissions in
  the S. Hemisphere but is likely to increase CO2
  emissions in the N. Hemisphere.

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OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE

• Less ozone in the stratosphere allows for more
  harmful UV radiation to reach the earths
  surface.
• The ozone layer keeps about 95 of the suns
  harmful UV radiation from reaching the earths
  surface.
• Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) have lowered the
  average concentrations of ozone in the
  stratosphere.
• Refrigerator coolant
• Aerosol cans
• In 1988 CFCs were no longer manufactured.

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Ozone Depletion summary

• UV light hits a CFC breaking off a chlorine atom
• The chlorine atom attacks an Ozone molecule (O3)
• The chlorine breaks apart the ozone making O2 and
  ClO
• A free O atom pulls the O off the ClO to put Cl
  back in the atmosphere to destroy more ozone.

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Math- Dimensional Analysis and Scientific Notation

• PRACTICE!!
• 3 X 103
• M X M
• M3/m

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Some formulas

• Crude Birth Rate of live births/1000
• Crude Death Rate of deaths/1000
• Usually asks per 10,000
• DONT FORGET TO DIVIDE BY 10
• Growth Rate (r) (BI) (DE)
• Total pop.
• Rule of 70 70/r (as a percent) OR
• 0.70/r (as a decimal)

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Some pollutants
Pollutant Origin Location Environmental impact Human health Prevention remediation
Formaldehyde Textiles, building materials Indoor air pollutant Little Neurological problems Use alternative ventilate
Lead Paint, gas Indoor and outdoor Bioaccumulation Neurological damage Ban lead Phytoremediation (sunflowers)
Carbon monoxide Incomplete combustion Outdoor and indoor Creates smog (ground-level O3) Binds to hemoglobin and reduces the amount of Oxygen to heart/brain/nervous system Electric vehicles, improve efficiency of motor vehicles, dont burn in homes unless well ventilated CO monitors in homes, improve ventilation
Sox (SO2, SO3) Burning coal Outdoor Forms sulfuric Acid and disrupts aquatic systems Respiratory problems Alternatives to burning coal, scrubbers ??
Nox(NO, NO2) High temperatures of combustion (diesel) causes Nitrogen and Oxygen to react Outdoor Forms nitric acid, smog, and ground-level ozone Emphysema, bronchitis Technology to build more efficient diesel engines, regulations to limit amount ??
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Some diseases
Water Vector Non-transmissible Encephalopathy's Respiratory Blood born
E. coli Dengue (m) Diabetes Prion Tuberculosis HIV
Cholera Lyme (t) Birth defects Bovine Influenza
Dysentery West Nile (m) Neural tube SARS
Typhus Malaria (m) Cancer
giardia Yellow fever (m) Emphaze-ma
Bronchitis/asthma
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LD50 (LC50)- lethal dose (concentration) of ½ the
total population

• Where x concentration of toxin
• Where y percentage deaths
• Usually given in mg/Kg or µg/Kg

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Helpful Hints

• Economics jobs
• Encourage public education
• Saying nutrients or pollution is TOO VAGUE!!
• Say nitrates, nitrites, phosphorus or Sox,
  Nox, Carbon monoxide, tropospheric ozone

• Always a FRQ about
• Pollution
• Energy
• Renewable vs. Nonrenewable vs. Perpetual
  Resources
• What is the difference between electricity and
  energy?

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Laws of Thermodynamics

• 1st energy cannot be created or destroyed
• 2nd energy conversions can NEVER be 100 without
  loss of some energy

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Non-renewable Energy
Type Description Pros Cons
Clean coal Washing the coal to remove sulfur compounds and carbon dioxide Lots of coal in US Expensive to clean coal, cheaper to just burn
Methane hydrates Found trapped under permafrost and under sea floors Could supply energy needs for 1000s of years Methane leaks common and increase GHGs
Oil Shale- kerogen Heated (minus air) oil Lots in US obtain through surface mining which degrades land, net energy low because energy to drill, blast, dispose of wastes, heating
Tar Sands- bitumen Semisolid form of oil that requires special refining to get OIL Lots in Canada that can be piped to US Obtain through surface mining which degrades land, net energy moderate because blasting, heating, refining, disposing of wastes
Coal Last for 300 more years. Most in china. Abundant, high net energy yield, subsidies keep prices low, stable, nonexplosive or harmful if spilled Strip mining and surface mining degrades land (erosion, runoff), sludge, releases mercury, sulfur, radioactive particles, CO2, expensive to transport

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Nonrenewable Energy
Type Description Pros Cons
Oil Petroleum must be drilled. Most found in Middle East Inexpensive, easy to transport through pipes, high net energy, versatile Limited supplies, oil spills, pollution (Sox, Nox, CO2), political problems with Mid. East
Natural Gas Most in Russia, burn cleaner, found underground Easy to transport, inexpensive, high net energy, produces less pollution H2S and SO2 released during processing, leakage of CH4 has great impact on global warming
Nuclear Using fissionable isotopes such as U-235 to produce energy No air pollution, water pollution low, disruption of land low Nuclear wastes take millions of years to degrade, safety concerns
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Renewable Energy
Type Description Pros Cons
Hydroelectric Using moving water to turn a turbine to run a generator Dams control flooding downstream, low operating costs, no polluting, long life span, recreation area Flood areas behind dam, dams destroy wildlife habitats, sedimentation stops and cannot enrich land, destroys wild rivers, water loss
Solar Active vs. Passive Limitless energy supply, little pollution Inefficient in some areas, maintenance is high, low efficiency
Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen and oxygen move over cathodes and anodes. Hydrogen gets converted into electrons Waste product is water, use water to obtain hydrogen, hydrogen easily transported through pipes Takes energy to produce hydrogen, expensive to change to new energy system, hydrogen is explosive
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Renewable energy
Type Description Pros Cons
Biomass Using C-based substance (wood, manure, charcoal, bagasse, switchgrass, corn, sugarcane) to make ethanol, methanol, biodiesel Renewable IF used sustainably, biomass plantations can be located in undesirable locations, could supply half of worlds electricity Requires adequate water, fertilizer (which harm environment), expensive to transport, massive deforestation
Wind Using wind to turn turbine blades to run a generator All electrical needs could be met by wind in US, wind farms quickly built, high net energy yield, no pollution Steady wind is needed, backup systems needed, interfere with bird flight patterns noise pollution
Ocean waves, tidal Tides/waves spinning turbines to run a generator No pollution, low environmental impact, net yield moderate Expensive construction, few suitable sites, equipment damaged by storms
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Renewable energy
Geothermal Heat underground heating water or dry steam drive turbines Moderate net energy, limitless and reliable, little air pollution, low costs Reservoir sites scarce, noise, odor, thermal wastes degrade ecosystems, expensive to install
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Vocabulary

• Anthracite- hard coal, low sulfur content
• Bituminous- soft coal, high sulfur content
• Bitumen- tar sand (combustable organic material)

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Pollution
Type Source Human health Environment
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)?nitric acid Fuels burned at high temps Lung irritation/damage Suppresses plant growth
Ozone (O3)- smog Sun reacting with Nox and VOCs in the air Lung irritation/damage, bronchitis Damages plants, rubber, plastics
PAN (Peroxyacyl nitrates) Hydrocarbons reacting with Oxygen and NO2 with light Eye irritation Vegetation damage
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)? sulfuric acid Burning coal, smelting metals Asthma, bronchitis Reduces productivity of plants
Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10) Burning, building materials Mutagens, teratogens, carcinogens Decreased sunlight reaching surface of earth
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Paints, aerosols, dry-cleaning fluids, solvents Respiratory damage, carcinogen (liver, kidneys, nervous system) Smog, ozone depletion
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Succession
Type Description
Allogenic Changes in the environment making it possible for plants to grow
Primary The colonization and establishment of pioneer plant species on bare ground/rock. (lichens)
Progressive Communities become more complex as species diversity increases
Retrogressive Environment deteriorates and results in less biodiversity
Secondary Begins in an area where the natural community has been disturbed but topsoil remains (forest fires)
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Some Ecology Vocab.
Vocabulary Description
Interspecific different species living in the same area interacting
Intraspecific Organisms within the same species interacting
Indicator species A species that indicates the overall health of an area. Ex. Frogs
K strategists Have few young, must take care of young for a long time, long gestation period, Large in size
R strategists Have many young, dont take care of young at all or for a short time, short gestation period, small in size
Keystone species A species that contributes to the diversity of life and whose extinction would cause the extinction of others. Ex. Grizzly bear, sea stars, sea otters, prairie dogs
Endangered species Species that have low numbers, live in only a few areas around the world, have few young in their lifetime Ex. Elephants, Bengal Tiger
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Survivorship Curves

• Type I (man)/Late Loss reproduce early in life,
  low mortality at birth, high probability of
  surviving to advanced age
• Type II (birds)/Constant Loss individuals in all
  age categories die at constant rate, predation
  main form of death
• Type III (oysters)/Early Loss death early in
  life, have lots of offspring

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Why has population continued to rise?

• More food due to GE
• Improvements in medical treatments and technology
• Improvement in sanitation and personal hygiene
• Safer water supplies

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Replacement Level Fertility vs. Total Fertility
Rate

• RLF
• About 2 in developed countries
• Greater than 2 for developing countries due to
  infant mortality rate
• TFR
• World average 2.59

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Soil Erosion
Type Description
Sheet Soil moves off as a horizontal layer
Rill Fast-flowing water cuts small channels in the soil
Gully Extreme case of rill erosion, channels increase in size and depth
Desertification Productive potential of arid or semiarid land falls by at least 10 due to human activity or climate change
Salinization Water not absorbed by soil, evaporates leaving salts on topsoil
Waterlogging Saturation of soil with water raising the water table
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Reasons for Soil Erosion

• Cultivating land inappropriately
• Monoculture
• Row cropping
• Overgrazing
• Improper plowing
• Burning native vegetation
• Deforestation
• Construction

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Effects of Soil Erosion

• Destroys soil profile
• Decreases water holding capacity
• Increases soil compaction
• Soil quality decreases as soil is taken away
• Droughts

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Types of Rocks

• Igneous- formed by cooling and classified by
  silica content. Found deep underground (granite)
• Metamorphic- formed by intense heat and pressure
  (diamond, marble, slate)
• Sedimentary- formed by piling and cementing of
  various materials in low-lying areas (fossils
  formed here)