/f nAl dZi/

1
/f nAl dZi/
/t/
t?
/
t
tH
2
/water/
water
steam
ice
3
/water/
Prototype
water
steam
ice
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/t/ tphones, phonemes, allophones
/t/
t?
/
t
tH
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Phonemic - phonetic
/pvk/
pHvk
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Phone, phoneme, allophone
t
tH
/
/t/

t?
t
R
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Phone, phoneme, allophone
Phone a speech sound
Phoneme set of related speech sounds
Allophone a member of a set of related speech
sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a
phoneme)
/t/
tH
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Phone, phoneme, allophone
Phoneme Represented by one of the allophones (the
least predictable, most basic one), but not
pronounceable A critical diagnostic the minimal
pair
pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill
hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil
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Phone, phoneme, allophone
Allophone tH is not an allophone, it is an
allophone of /t/ (in English)
English
/t/
tH
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Phone, phoneme, allophone
Allophone A phone can be an allophone of more
than one phoneme (in a given language).
English
/t/
/d/
R
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Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear

• R, d, D

Spanish English
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Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear

• R, d, D

Phonemicdistinctions
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Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear

• R, d, D

Allophonesof the samephoneme
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Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear
English English Spanish Spanish
soda soR toro toRo
dough do donde dAnde
though Do todos toDos
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Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear
English English Spanish Spanish
easy hard easy hard
d vs D d vs R d vs R d vs D
R vs D D vs R
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Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear
English Spanish

/d/
/d/
/r/
/D/
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Phone, phoneme, allophone
Allophone A critical diagnostic complementary
distribution Phonetic similarity mutually
exclusive neighborhoods
pHIl spIl lIp
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Phonological processes
Allophonic patterns The same alternations with
classes of related sounds Phonological
rules Expressions in a formal notation for
describing (predicting) such alterations
pHIl tHIl kHIl
X ? Y / W        Z
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Phonological processes
Allophonic patterns The same alternations with
classes of related sounds
pHIl spIl lIp
tHIl stIl lIt
kHIl skIl lIk
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Phonological processes
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
Phones Voiceless stops
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Phonological processes
PhonemesVoiceless stops
/p/ /t/ /k/
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
Phones Voiceless stops
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Phonological processes
PhonemesVoiceless stops
/p/ /t/ /k/
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
Allophones
and phones and voiceless stops
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Phonological processesPhonological rules
Express allophonic regularities Have the form
X ? Y / W        Z
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stop -voice
syllabic stress
?
aspirated / ?
/p/ /t/ /k/
Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in
English
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
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/p/ /t/ /k/
Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in
English
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
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??? ? ???? / ??? ???
NO rule
/p/ /t/ /k/
Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in
English
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
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Phonological processesSome English rules
Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings
of stressed syllables Stops (voiced and
voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words

This rule applies to ALL English stops, not just
the voiceless one
stop ? -released /         
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Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gon) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Complementary distribution
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Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gon) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
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Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gone) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
syllabic
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Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gone) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
? nasal
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Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gone) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
/         nasal
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Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gone) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
syllabic ? nasal /         nasal
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Vowel length English
bQt (bat) bQ?d (bad) gAt (got)
gA?d (god, God) bEt (bet) bE?d (bed)
mvk (muck) mv?g (mug) lAk (lock) lA?g
(log) rIp (rip) rI?b (rib)
Complementary distribution
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Vowel length English
bQt (bat) bQ?d (bad) gAt (got)
gA?d (god, God) bEt (bet) bE?d (bed)
mvk (muck) mv?g (mug) lAk (lock) lA?g
(log) rIp (rip) rI?b (rib)
Whats the rule?
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Vowel length English
bQt (bat) bQ?d (bad) gAt (got)
gA?d (god, God) bEt (bet) bE?d (bed)
mvk (muck) mv?g (mug) lAk (lock) lA?g
(log) rIp (rip) rI?b (rib)
Whats the rule?
syllabic ? long /         voice
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English vowel allophones
Q, Q?, Q A, A?, A E, E?, E
v, v, v I, I?, I etc.

?
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English vowel allophones
Q, Q?, Q A, A?, A E, E?, E
v, v, v I, I?, I etc.

?
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English vowel allophones
/V/ V /     voice V /     nasal
V / elsewhere

syllabic ? long /         voice
syllabic ? nasal /         nasal
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Nasalization Scots Gaelic
mo)?r (big) mu) (about) ni) (cattle)
ne)?l (cloud) fuar      (cold)             
   iuF   (wet)
Complementary distribution
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Nasalization
Progressive
Regressive
English
Scots Gaelic
bQ?n (ban) mu) (about) gA?n (gone)
ne)?l (cloud)
A S S I M I L A T I O N
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Nasalization Scots Gaelic
mo)?r (big) mu) (about) ni) (cattle)
ne)?l (cloud) fuar      (cold)             
   iuF   (wet)
syllabic ? nasal / nasal       
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Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
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Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
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Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
i.e., V, V /V/, /V/
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Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
Whats the rule?
i.e., V, V /V/, /V/
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Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
Whats the rule?
None! There is no allophonic variation in the
data.
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Aspiration Khmer
pç?N (to wish) pHç?N (also) tçp (to
support) tHçp (be suffocated) kat (to
cut) kHat (to polish)
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Aspiration Khmer
pç?N (to wish) pHç?N (also) tçp (to
support) tHçp (be suffocated) kat (to
cut) kHat (to polish)
Minimal pairs
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Aspiration Khmer
pç?N (to wish) pHç?N (also) tçp (to
support) tHçp (be suffocated) kat (to
cut) kHat (to polish)
/p/, /pH//t/, /tH//k/, /kH/
Minimal pairs
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/f nAl dZi/

• (Phones), Allophones, Phonemes
• Minimal pairs
• Complementary distribution
• Phonological processes/rules