Chemical Bonding, Carbon style

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Chemical Bonding, Carbon style
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Discover

• On the index card in your box, shade in a circle
  as dark as you can with your pencil.
• Take a piece of paper and rub across this
  shading.
• What did you notice?

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The Carbon Atom and Its Bonds

• The atomic number of carbon is 6
• There are 6 protons in the nucleus and 6
  electrons surrounding the nucleus.
• 4 of these electrons are valance meaning they are
  ready for bonding.

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• Chemical bonds are the force that hold two atoms
  together.
• A chemical bond between two atoms is made up of
  the atoms valance electrons.
• Atoms of all elements (except noble gases) form
  chemical bonds.
• But few elements have the ability of Carbon to
  bond with both itself and other elements in so
  many different ways.

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• It is possible for carbon to arrange the same
  number of atoms in different ways.
• They can form straight chains, branched chains,
  and rings.
• Sometimes even networks of two or more rings of
  carbon atoms are joined together.

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Forms of Pure Carbon

• Because of the ways carbon forms bonds, the pure
  element can exist in different ways.
• Diamond, graphite, and fullerene are three forms
  of the element Carbon.

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Diamond

• The hardest mineral diamond forms deep within
  Earth.
• At very high temperatures and pressures, carbon
  atoms for diamond crystals. Each carbon atom is
  bonded strongly to 4 other carbon atoms.
• The result is a solid that is extremely hard and
  unreactive.
• The melting point of diamond is over 3,500
  degrees Celsius.
• They are formed in a crystalline pattern.

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Graphite

• Every time you write with pencil you leave a
  layer of carbon on the paper.
• lead in the pencil is actually graphite,
  another form of the element carbon.
• It does not contain any of the element lead.
• Carbon atoms are bonded strongly together in flat
  layers. But the bonds connecting the layers are
  very weak, so the layers past by each other very
  easily.

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Homework Questions

1. List three different forms of pure carbon.
2. What happens to valence electrons when a chemical
   bond forms between atoms?
3. How can you use differences in carbon bonds to
   explain why graphite and diamonds have different
   properties?

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Carbon Compounds
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What do all these Have in common
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Slide guide starts Here
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Organic Compounds

• Carbon Compounds are so numberous that they are
  given a special name.
• With some exceptions, a compound that contains
  carbon is called Organic Compounds.
• Organic means of living things.
• Any items that is made of from once living
  organisms is an Organic Compound.
• They can also be made artificially.

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Hydrocarbons

• The simplest organic compounds are the
  hydrocarbons.
• A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains only
  the elements carbon and hydrogen.

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Life with Carbon
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Nutrients from Food

• Nutrients are substances that provide the energy
  and raw materials the body needs to grow, repair
  worn parts, and function properly.
• Most of the nutrients in food are organic
  compounds.
• Many nutrients are large, chain like molecules
  called polymers.
• Each link in the chain is a small molecule called
  a monomer.

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• The body can break apart the large molecules in
  food into smaller molecules.
• The process of breaking polymers into monomers,
  which involves chemical changes, has the familiar
  named digestion.
• After food is digested, the body then breaks
  apart some of the monomers, which releases
  energy.
• The body takes other monomers and reassembles
  them into polymers that match specific body
  chemistry

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• The four classes of polymers found in all living
  things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
  nuclei acids.

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carbohydrates

• A carbohydrate is an energy-rich organic compound
  made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen.
• The word carbohydrate is made of two parts
• Carbo and hydrate
• Carbo means Carbon and hydrate means Combined
  with water
• If you remember that water is made up of the
  elements hydrogen and oxygen, then you should be
  able to remember the three elements in
  carbohydrates.

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Simple Carbohydrates

• The simplest carbohydrates are sugars.
• You may be surprised to learn that there are many
  different kinds of sugars.
• The sugar listed in baking recipes, which you can
  buy in bags or boxes at the grocery store, is
  only one kind. Other sugars are found naturally
  in fruits, milk, and some vegtables.

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• One of the most important sugars in your body is
  glucose.
• Its molecular formula is C6H12O6.
• Glucose is sometimes called blood sugar because
  the body circulates glucose to all body parts
  through the blood.
• The name of the white sugar that sweetens
  cookies, candies, and many soft drinks is
  sucrose. It is a more complex molecule than
  glucose and has a molecular formula of C12H22O11

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Complex Carbohydrates

• When you eat plants or food products made from
  plants, you are often eating complex
  carbohydrates.
• Each molecule of a simple carbohydrate, or sugar,
  is relatively small compared to a molecule of
  complex carbohydrates.
• A complex carbohydrate is made of a long chain of
  simple carbohydrates bonded to each other. Just
  one molecule of a complex carbohydrate may have
  hundreds of carbon atoms.

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• Two of the complex carbohydrates assembled from
  glucose molecules are starch and cellulose.
• Starch and cellulose are both built from glucose
  monomers, but the monomers are arranged
  differently in each case.
• So starch and cellulose are different compounds.
  They serve different functions in the plants that
  form them.
• They body uses starch from foods very differently
  from the way it uses cellulose

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Starch

• Plants store energy in the form of the complex
  carbohydrate starch.
• You can find starches in food products made from
  wheat grains, such as bread, cereal, and pasta.
• Starches are also found in rice, potatoes and
  other vegetables.
• The body digests the large starch molecules from
  these foods into individual glucose molecules.
  Then the body breaks apart the glucose and
  releases energy.

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Cellulose

• Plants build strong stems and roots with the
  complex carbohydrate cellulose and other
  polymers. If you imagine yourself crunching on a
  stick of celery, you will be able to imagine what
  cellulose is like.
• Most fruits, vegetables, and nuts are high in
  cellulose. So are food products made from whole
  grains.
• Even though the body can break down starch, the
  body cannot break down cellulose into individual
  glucose molecules.

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• Therefore the body cannot use cellulose as a
  source of energy. In fact, when you eat foods
  with cellulose, the molecules pass right through
  you undigested.
• However, this undigested cellulose helps keep
  your digestive track active and healthy.
  Cellulose is sometimes called fiber.

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Proteins

• If the proteins in your body suddenly disappeared
  you would not have much of a body left.
• Your muscles, hair, skin, and fingernails are all
  made of proteins. A birds feathers, a spiders
  web, a fishs scales, and the horns of a
  rhinoceros are also made of proteins.

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Chains of Amino Acids

• The polymers called proteins are made of organic
  compounds called amino acids.
• That means that amino acids are the monomers in a
  protein molecule.
• Unlike the sugars in complex carbohydrates, the
  monomers in a protein are not exactly alike.
• In fact, there are 20 different kinds of amino
  acids.

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Food Proteins Become Your Proteins

• Some of the best sources of protein include meat,
  fish, eggs and milk or milk products.
• Some plant products such as beans are good
  sources of protein as well.
• The body uses proteins from food to build and
  repair body parts. But the body must first break
  apart the protein polymers into monomers.
  Remember that starch in digested into individual
  glucose molecules.
• In the same way, proteins are digested into
  individual amino acids. The body reassembles
  those amino acids into thousands of protein

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Lipids

• The third class of organic compounds in living
  things is lipids.
• Like carbohydrates, lipids are energy-rich
  polymers made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
  Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and
  cholesterol.
• Gram for gram, lipids store more than twice as
  much energy as do carbohydrates. Lipids behave
  somewhat like hydrocarbons- the compounds of
  carbon and hydrogen.
• Lipids mix poorly with water.

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Fats and Oils

• Fats are found in foods such as meat, butter, and
  cheese.
• Oils in foods include those such as corn oil,
  sunflower oil, peanut oil, and olive oil.
• Fats and oils have the same basic structure. Each
  fat or oil polymer is made of three fatty acid
  monomers and one alcohol monomer named glycerol.
  There is on main difference between fats and
  oils.
• Fats are usually solid at room temperature where
  as oils are liquid

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Saturated and Unsaturated

• You may hear fats and oils described as saturated
  or unsaturated. Like saturated hydrocarbons, the
  fatty acids of saturated fats have no double
  bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated fatty
  acids are found in oils.
• Monounsaturated oils have fatty acids with one
  double bond. Polyunsaturated oils have fatty
  acids with many double bonds.
• Saturated fats end to have higher melting points
  that unsaturated.

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Cholesterol

• Another important lipid is cholesterol, a waxy
  substance found in all animal cells. The body
  builds cell structures from cholesterol and uses
  it to form compounds that serve as chemical
  messengers.
• The body produces the cholesterol it needs from
  other nutrients. But foods that come from
  animals-cheese, eggs, and meat-also provide
  cholesterol. Foods from plant sources, such as
  vegetable oils, never contain cholesterol.

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• Vitamins organic compounds that serve as helper
  molecules in a variety of chemical reactions in
  your body.
• Vitamin C or ascorbic acid, is important for
  keeping your skin and gums healthy. Vitamin D
  develops your bones and teeth and keep them
  strong.
• Minerals elements needed by your body. Unlike
  other nutrients, minerals are not organic
  compounds.
• Common minerals are sodium, calcium, iorn,
  iodine, and potassium