BODY SYSTEMS

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BODY SYSTEMS
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The Integumentary System

• Includes Your skin, hair, nails. Sebaceous
  glands, and sweat glands.
• The skin is the primary organ of the I.S.

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Vital Functions

• Protection.Barrier b/t internal organs and
  outside world.
• Shields from injury, invasion by pathogens, suns
  harmful ultraviolet rays (UV).
• Water holding capacity that aids in elasticity
  and helps maintain bodys balance of fluids and
  electrolytes.

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Regulates Body Temperature

• Radiation the escape of internal heat from the
  body.
• Perspiration cools skin as heat evaporates.
• Conserve body heat.

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Sensing

• Nerve endings allow for communication with the
  world around you.
• Touch, pain, pressure, temperature.

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Structure

• Two main layers.
• Epidermis Outermost layer made up of both living
  and dead cells.
• Lipids fatty substances that make skin
  waterproof.
• Dead cells shed off/worn away replaced by new
  cells
• Outer skin replaced about once a year.

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• Melanin pigment that gives skin, hair, and the
  iris of the eyes their coloring.
• Dermis Inner layer of skin made up of connective
  tissue that gives skin its elasticity.
• Nerve endings and Hair follicles.
• Sweat glands and Sebaceous glands.
• Hypodermis NOT part of the skin attaches skin to
  bone and muscle.

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SKIN CARE

• Good personal hygiene.
• Balanced diet.
• Vitamin A.
• SUNSCREEN/MOISTURIEZER.

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PROBLEMS OF THE SKIN

• ACNE over-production of oil from sebaceous
  glades, common during adolescence.
• RING WORM fungal infection characterized by
  ring-shaped, scaly, reddened, blistery patches.
• ATHLETES FOOT fungal infection located between
  the toes. Associated with wearing shoes and
  sweating, highly contagious.

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Acne
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Ringworm
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Athletes foot
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CONTINUE

• BOILS inflamed, pus-filled area on the skin,
  usually an infected hair-follicle.
• WARTS contagious growths on the outer layer of
  the skin caused by a virus.
• MOLES small, usually round, thickened, brown to
  dark brown spots on the skin. Harmless unless
  suddenly appears, changes color, shape, size,
  begins bleeding.

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Boils
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Warts
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Moles
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CONTINUE

• PSORIASIS diseases in which thickened patches of
  inflamed red skin form, often covered by white
  flaking scales.
• VITILIGO a disorder in which patches of skin
  lose their color. Auto-immune disorder that
  causes an absence of the skin cells that produce
  melanin.
• IMPETIGO an infection in which bacteria enter a
  small break in the skin. Highly contagious.

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Psoriasis
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Vitiligo
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Impetigo
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CONTINUE.

• BLISTERS raised areas filled with a watery
  substance. Usually caused by rubbing against the
  skin or burns.
• CALLUS area of thickened skin caused by
  continuous friction or pressure.
• CORN a callus on a toe caused by the pressure of
  a tight fitting shoe.

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Blisters
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Callus
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Corn
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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• FUNCTIONS
• Movement
• Muscle Attachment
• Protection
• Bodys Framework

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STRUCTURE

• AXIAL SKELETON includes the 80 bones of the
  skull, spine, ribs, and sternum or breastbone,
  Protects spinal cordvertebrae. Protects heart
  and lungsrib cage.

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STRUCTURE

• APPENDICULAS SKELETON includes the 126 bones of
  the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet.
  Main purpose is movement.

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TYPES OF BONES

• LONG
• Femur
• Arms and Legs
• Ends form joints and connect to other bones.

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SHORT

• Wrists, ankles, hands, feet.
• 50 are found in the hands and feet.

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FLAT

• Ribs, skull bones.
• Protect vital organs such as the Brain.

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IRREGULAR

• Vertebrae.
• Bones that dont have a specific shape.

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CARTILAGE

• Strong, flexible, connective tissue.
• Line the surfaces of joints to allow smooth
  movement.
• Cushion adjoining vertebrae.
• Support nose and ears.
• OSSIFICATION the process by which bone is
  formed, renewed, and repaired.

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CARTILAGE
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JOINTS

• The point at which two bones meet.
• BALL-AND-SOCKET-JOINT
• allows the widest range of movement.
• Shoulder and Hip Joints

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JOINTS

• The point at which two bones meet.
• PIVOT JOINT
• a bony projection allows rotation.
• Joint between head and neck that allows head to
  rotate.

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CONTINUE

• ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT allows all types of movement
  except pivotal.
• Wrist

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CONTINUE

• HINGE JOINT allows bending and straightening.
• Fingers, knee and elbow.

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Ligaments

• Tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue
  that bind the bond ends at the joint. Prevent
  excessive movement at the joint.
• TENDONS Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone
  or to other muscles.

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CARE of the SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Good nutrition/CALCIUM
• Exercise (Bone Mass)
• Safety

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THE MUSCLAR SYSTEM

• FUNCTIONS
• Body Movement
• Pump Blood
• Move through digestive system
• Control air movement in and out of the lungs

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CONTRACTION

• CONTRACTION Shortening of a muscle.
• EXTENSION stretching of a muscle.

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TYPES of MUSCLES

• SMOOTH MUSCLE control movements of internal
  organs.
• Involuntary movementswork without conscious
  control.
• Intestines, bronchi of the lungs, the bladder.

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TYPES of MUSCLES

• SKELETAL MUSCLE striped or striated muscles
  attached to the bones that cause body movement.
• Biceps, triceps.
• Largest part of the bodys muscular system.
• Voluntary movements, conscious control.
• FLEXORS muscles that close a joint.
• EXTENSORS muscles that open a joint.

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TYPES of MUSCLES

• CARDIAC MUSCLE striated tissue that forms the
  wall of the heart.
• Involuntary muscle.
• Heart contracts rhythmically about 100,000 times
  a day.

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CARE of the MUSCLE SYSTEM

• ATROPHY waste away (Use it or lose it)
• MUSCLE TONE the natural tension in the fibers of
  a muscle.
• Aerobic exercise, resistance training, balanced
  diet.
• Older adultsprevent loss of mobility, balance,
  and risk of falls.
• The heart is a muscle that needs
  trainingregular exercise.
• Stretching, warm-up, cool down.
• As always safety.

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PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• MUSCLE SORENESS
• damage to the muscle fibers themselves. Muscle
  biopsies taken on the day after hard exercise
  show bleeding and disruption of the z-band
  filaments that hold muscle fibers together as
  they slide over each other during a contraction.

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PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• MYASTHENIA GRAVIS muscles become weak and easily
  fatigued.
• Eye musclesdrooping eyelids and double vision.
• MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY inherited disorder
  characterized by a progressive wasting away of
  skeletal muscles.
• No cure.

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PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• MUSCLE STRAIN
• pulled muscle, tearing or stretching of muscles
  fibers as a result of suddenly pulling them to
  far.

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PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• BRUISE discolored area under the skin caused by
  a leakage of blood after an injury.

After Femur fracture
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PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• TENDINITIS the inflammation of a tendon, usually
  caused by overuse.

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PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• HERNIA the protrusion of an organ of tissue
  through a weak area in the muscle.

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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

• FUNCTIONS
• Communication network and control center.
• Controls all the movements and functions of the
  body.
• Senses changes with in the body and outside the
  body.

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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Gathers information from inside and outside of
  the body.
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls the
  involuntary functions of the body.
• Sweating, digestion, heart rate.
• Sympathetic Nervous System speeds up the bodys
  responses.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System slows the bodys
  responses.
• Somatic Nervous System controls voluntary
  functions of the body.
• Running, walking, chewing.

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Precision
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REFLEX

• Spontaneous response of the body to stimuli.
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM receives and analyze
  information gathered and initiates a response.
• Spinal cord.
• The Brain.
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain Stem

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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Picks up and carries the response signals,
  IMPULSES.
• Autonomic System involuntary functions of the
  body.
• Sympathetic nervous system speeds body up.
• Parasympathetic nervous system slows body down.

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NEURONS

• Nerve cells.
• SENSORY Carry signals from sense receptors into
  the CNS.
• MOTOR carry signals from CNS to muscles or
  glands.
• INTERNEURONS form all electrical connections
  with in the CNS.
• CAN NOT REPLACE THEM!!!
• THREE BASIC PARTS Cell body, Dendrites, Axons.

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CARE of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Regular exercise.
• Proper nutrition.
• Avoid using alcohol and drugs.
• Safety.

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PROBLEMS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Head and spinal cord injuries
• 500,000 Americans hospitalized every year.
• 20 suffer lifelong physical or mental
  impairment.
• Degenerative Diseases deterioration of function
  or system.
• - Parkinsons Disease nerves
• - Multiple Sclerosis muscles
• - Alzheimers Disease mental deterioration,
  the brain.

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PROBLEMS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Epilepsy recurrent seizures.
• Cerebral Palsy various neurological disorders
  that are a result of brain injury before, during,
  or after birth or in early childhood.

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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• FUNCTION secrete hormones
• HORMONES chemical substances that regulate
  activities of different body cells.
• Structure endocrine glands.

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Pituitary Gland regulates activity of all
glands. Thyroid Gland produce hormones that
regulate calcium and phosphorus
balance. Parathyroid Glands hormones that
regulate calcium and phosphorus balance.
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Adrenal Glands secretes hormones that regulate
numerous body functions. Pancreas serves
endocrine as well as digestive system. Secretes
digestive enzymes and regulates body sugar
levels. Gonads development and maintenance of
secondary sex characteristics Ovaries females /
Testes - males
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PROBLEMS

• Diabetes Mellitus pancreas produces too little
  or no insulin.
• Graves Disease autoimmune disorder in which
  thyroid gland becomes overactive and enlarged.
• Cushings Disease overproduction of adrenal
  hormones.
• Goiter enlargement of the thyroid gland.

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• FUNCTION
• Heart pumps blood.
• Blood vessels carry oxygen and nutrients to body
  cells.
• Eliminates waste.

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Structure
• Heart continuous muscles contractions send blood
  through body.
• Blood transports all of the nutrients that your
  body needs to sustain life.
• Oxygen, hormones, nutrients.
• Carries away waste.
• Blood Vessels 60,000 miles of blood vessels.
• Arteries vessels that carry blood away from.
• Capillaries carry blood through organs and
  tissues.
• Regulates body temperature.

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• FUNCTIONS
• Drains tissue fluids back into the blood stream.
• Fights infection.
• STRUCTURES
• LYMPH a clear yellow fluid that fills the spaces
  around body cells.
• LYMPHOCYTES white blood cells that protect the
  body against pathogens.
• B-Cells
• T-Cells

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• CARE
• Dont smoke.
• Regular Exercise Aerobic Exercise.
• Good Nutrition Avoid Fatty Foods.

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• PROBLEMS
• Blood Pressure the force of blood in the main
  arteries
• Diastolic Pressure heart ventricles relax and
  pressure is at its lowest
• -gt lower number of fraction between 70 and 90.
• Systolic pressure at its highest
• upper number of fraction b/t 110 and 140.
• Congenital Heart Disease occurs at birth.
• Heart Murmur abnormal sound usually caused by a
  faulty valve.
• Varicose Veins Weakened valves in the vein.

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• Anemia concentration on hemoglobin in the blood
  is low.
• Usually caused by lack of iron in the diet.
• Leukemia any of several types of cancer
  resulting from abnormal production of white blood
  cells in the bone marrow.
• Hemophilia inherited bleeding disorder in which
  blood does not clot.
• Immune deficiency when the bodies immune system
  does not fight off infection (HIV and AIDS).
• Hodgkins disease cancer of the lymph tissue.
• Tonsillitis swelling of the tonsils.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• FUNCTIONS
• Respiration the exchange of gases between your
  body and your environment.
• External oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
  blood and air in the lungs.
• Internal gases between blood and the cells of
  the body.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE
• Diaphragm muscle that separates the chest and
  abdominal cavities.
• Lungs take in oxygen from the air we inhale and
  return carbon dioxide to the air when we exhale.
• Nose and Mouth air enters.
• Pharynx throat.
• Trachea windpipe.
• Bronchi airways that connect the trachea to the
  lungs.
• Larynx voice box.
• Epiglottis a flap of cartilage in front of the
  entrance to the larynx.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• CARE
• DONT SMOKE!!!!!!!!!!
• DO your part to keep our air clean.
• Exercise.
• Wash your hands regularly.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• PROBLEMS
• Bronchitis inflammation of the bronchi.
• Asthma an inflammatory condition in which the
  small airways in the lungs called bronchioles
  become narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing.
• Pneumonia inflammation of the lungs.
• Tuberculosis infectious bacterial disease of the
  lungs.
• Emphysema a disease in which the alveoli of the
  lungs burst and blend to form fewer, larger sacs
  with less surface area.
• Sinusitis inflammation of the membrane lining
  the facial sinuses, air-filled cavities around
  the nose.

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• FUNCTIONS
• Digestion mechanical and chemical breakdown of
  foods for use by the bodys cells.
• Absorption the passage of digested food from the
  digestive tract into the circulatory system.
• Elimination the expulsion of undigested food or
  body wastes.

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE
• Mouth and Teeth
• Ingestion the taking of food into the body.
• Mastication the process of chewing teeth.
• Salivary Glands
• Produce SALIVA watery solution containing
  enzymes that help break down food.
• The Tongue
• Helps prepare food for swallowing.
• The Esophagus
• Peristalsis a series of involuntary muscle
  contractions that move food into the stomach.
• The Stomach
• Continue the breakdown of food
• Stores food until it is ready to enter the small
  intestine
• Mix together food and gastric juices secretions
  from the stomach lining that contain enzymes.
• Controls the rate at which the food enters the
  small intestine.

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• The Small Intestine
• The major part of digestion and absorption.
• 20-23 feet in length, 1 inch in diameter.
• Duodenum, Jejunum, Illium.
• The Large Intestine
• Colon
• 5-6 feet long, 2.5 inches wide.
• Absorbs water eliminates undigested foods and
  waste.

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• CARE
• Good nutrition, FIBER!
• Drink Water, 6-8 glasses a day.
• Exercise.
• Dont eat under stress

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THE URINARY SYSTEM

• FUNCTION
• Removal of water-soluble waste products that
  result from chemical changes to cells.
• Urine..

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THE URINARY SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE
• Kidneys lie on either side of the spine.
• Filter waste products from your blood and modify
  the amount of salts and water excreted in the
  urine according to bodys needs.

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THE URINARY SYSTEM

• The Bladder and Urethra
• Bladder hold urine
• Urethra eliminates urine from the bladder out of
  the body.
• CARE
• Good nutrition, WATER!!!