1877-1914 Unit II

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1877-1914 Unit II

• I. Prejudice and Discrimination
• II. The Progressive Movement
• III. Imperialism-Becoming a World Power

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1900-1909 28 min.
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I Prejudice and Discrimination VUS 8c

• After Reconstruction, many Southern States
  passed laws that limited the rights of African
  Americans. These Jim Crow laws were laws that
  forced separation of races in all public areas.
• African Americans hoped the US Courts would
  protect their rights under the 14th and 15th
  Amendments, but this proved ineffective.

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• However, in the Supreme Court case,_______________
  _______, the court ruled that separate but
  equal public facilities did not violate the 14th
  Amendment. Therefore, African American rights
  were not protected and Jim Crow segregation
  continued throughout the South.

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• The Great_____________ - during the 19th and
  20th centuries, many African Americans moved to
  northern cities seeking jobs in industry and to
  hopefully escape the poverty and discrimination
  in the South.

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Responses to Discrimination African American
Leaders

• Booker T. Washington- accepted social segregation
  and believed African American equality could be
  achieved through vocational training. He was a
  leader of Tuskegee ____________in Alabama.

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• W.E. B. DuBois- stressed immediate political
  equality and full civil rights. He believed
  that education was meaningless without equality.
  He helped form the NAACP in___________, the
  National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People.

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• ________ B. Wells- led crusades against lynching
  ( hangings without a trial) and called for the
  federal government to take action against such
  illegal acts.

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II. Progressive Movement

• The rapid rise of industrialization and
  urbanization led to many problems in America.
• Many immigrants suffered from poverty, unhealthy
  living conditions, low paying jobs, child labor
  and hostility.
• Many city governments were often corrupt and
  police, fire and social services were inadequate.
• Progressive reformers worked to solve social
  and political problems.

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II. The Progressive Movement

• The progressive movement, beginning around 1900,
  was as an attempt to cure political, economic,
  and social problems in America.
• The movement wished to use government reforms to
  solve problems created by the rise of
  industrialization such as child labor,
  anti-trust laws, labor unions, and womens
  suffrage.
• Progressives also wished to create various social
  reform programs to ensure a basic standard of
  living for all Americans.

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• The two most famous Progressive presidents were
  Theodore Roosevelt and ____________Wilson.
• Roosevelts program ( Republican) was called
  the Square Deal 1901-1908

President Teddy Roosevelt
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• Wilsons program ( Democrat) was called
  the New Freedom 1912-1920

President Woodrow Wilson
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Impact of the Progressives

• In government, there were five reforms attempting
  to make government more democratic
• 1.Referendum
• 2.Initiative
• 3.Recall
• 4.Secret ballot
• 5. Primary election

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In State government

• Referendum- a process in which citizens may vote
  on laws that have been passed by a legislative
  body.
• Initiative- a process in which citizens may
  propose laws to state and local governments.
• _________- a process in which citizens may vote
  to remove government officials from office.
• In National government
• Secret ballot- used to protect a voters privacy
• Primary election- voters nominate candidates for
  office rather than political party leaders.

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Other changes

• In addition, the 17th Amendment provided for the
  direct election of_____________.
• The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 made it
  illegal for any business structure to set up
  monopolies ( businesses with no competition)
  that restrained trade or monopolized trade.

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• The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was not very effective
  against powerful corporations because it was
  considered too vague.
• In fact, the federal courts actually used the
  act against labor unions in order to limit the
  power of unions.

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• The Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) finally put
  some authority into anti-trust legislation under
  President Woodrow Wilson.
• The Clayton Anti-__________ Act outlawed
  price-fixing by corporations and also stated
  the Sherman Anti-trust Act could not be used
  against labor unions.

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• In local government, Progressive reforms
  included
• 1. A commission form of city government
• 2. A council/manager form of city government
• Today, most cities use the council/manager form
  of government

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19th Amendment

• 19th Amendment
• 1920, this amendment gave women the right to
  vote.

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Quick Review

• 1. What African American leader stressed
  immediate political equality and was also a
  co-founder of the NAACP?

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• 2. What Supreme Court decision ruled that
  separate but equal public facilities were legal
  and not a violation of the 14th Amendment.

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• 3. What is the name of the movement that wished
  to use the government to solve political,
  economic and social problems in America?

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• 4. What is the term used to describe a reform in
  state government which allows citizens the right
  to propose laws to state and local governments?

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• 5. Which Amendment provided a change that allowed
  the direct election of Senators?

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• 6. Which Amendment in 1920 gave women the right
  to vote?

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Muckrakers

• A new group of journalists emerged that were
  called Muckrakerswriters that wrote and
  publicized the abuses of child labor, abuses of
  companies, as well as social and political evils.

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• Upton _________was the author of a novel called
  The Jungle -which exposed many corrupt business
  practices, especially the horrible conditions in
  the meat packing industry.

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• Another type of journalism emerged called
  yellow journalism exaggerated stories that
  that stirred readers emotions and opinions.
• ( also called the yellow press)

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Unions emerged to protect workers rights

• Knights of Labor- a union that accepted skilled
  and non skilled workers
• American Federation of Labor- union led by
  Samuel Gompers- accepted craft and skilled
  workers only.
• American Railway Union-railroad workers, led by
  socialist Eugene V. Debs
• International Ladies Garment Workers Union- a
  union attempting to organize women in the textile
  industry

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Labor strikes emerged to gain rights

• From 1881 to 1900 over 24,000 strikes erupted
  across the nation. The three most violent were
• Haymarket ________ ( Chicago ,1886) - a riot
  broke out between police and protesters over an 8
  hour work day, killing many on both sides.

Haymarket Riot
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• Homestead Strike- (Homestead, Pennsylvania 1892)
• Carnegie AFL __________workers went on strike
  when Carnegie steel tried to cut wages. Violence
  broke out between the workers and the Pinkertons
  (a private police force called in by Carnegie
  steel)
• This was an unsuccessful AFL strike, and the
  plant was reopened under military protection.

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• Pullman Strike ( 1894) Pullman luxury sleeping
  car workers were not totally happy with Pullman
  Town rules established by Pullman.
• During the Panic of 1893, wages were cut 25 and
  some workers were laid off. Workers protested to
  Pullman but he refused to negotiate and shut down
  the plant.
• The workers turned to the American Railway Union
  ( ARU-led by Eugene V. Debs).
• The ARU joined the Pullman workers, and by 1894
  over 240,000 workers were on strike.

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• When the strike interfered with the delivery of
  mail, railway owners used the Sherman Anti-trust
  Act to declare that the strike was illegal.
  President Grover _______________sent in federal
  troops to end the strike.
• This set the precedent that factory owners would
  use the courts against unions, thus limiting
  union gains.
• It also destroyed the ARU.

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Union Gains

• Unions eventually obtained limited work hours and
  improved and regulated work conditions.

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Women and Child Labor

• A ____________fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist
  Factory in New York resulted in the death of 141
  workers, mostly women .
• Such horrible results in such conditions led to
  improved working conditions for women.

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(No Transcript)
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In 1916, Progressives had pressured state
governments into passing laws limiting the hours
that children could work, usually eight to ten
hours per day.
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Quick Review

• 1. Who wrote The Jungle, a novel that exposed
  many corrupt business practices, especially the
  horrible conditions in the meat packing industry?

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• 2. The newspaper publisher, William Randolph
  Hurst, often used exaggerated stories in his
  papers to rouse emotions and sell newspapers.
• What is the term used to explain this type of
  journalism?

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• 3. What strike was against Carnegie steel in
  1892 and resulted in the plant being opened under
  military protection?

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III. Imperialism

• By the 20th century, European nations had gained
  control of much of Africa and Asia.

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• This imperialism (domination of a weaker nation
  by a more powerful nation) was a result of the
  need for more natural resources, the rise of
  nationalism, the rise of militarism, and advances
  in technology.

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US Imperialism-Becoming a World Power

• By the middle of the 19th century, many American
  business and political leaders argued for
  American expansion into international markets.
• America became increasingly involved in world
  affairs in Alaska, Central America, Asia and the
  ____________area.

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US begins Global Economy

• There were several ways the US began what was
  called a Global Economy
• Open ___________ Policy- Under President McKinley
  and secretary of State John Hay, the US policy
  stated that all nations would have equal trading
  rights in China.
• ______________Diplomacy- Under President William
  Howard Taft, this policy urged bankers and
  businesses to invest in Latin America. The US
  promised it would protect investments.

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• In 1867, William Seward arranged the US purchase
  of ______________from Russia.
• Some were critical of this purchase and called
  it Seward's Folly or Sewards icebox.

7.2 million or 1.9cents per acre
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US Becomes a World Power

• 1858 US establishes a trade agreement with
  Japan.
• 1869- US obtains a coaling station at Midway
  Island.
• 1893 Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii is overthrown
  by planter Sanford __________and US Ambassador
  Stevens. Hawaii comes under US control.
• Both Hawaii and Midway were important as naval
  refueling stations.

Queen Liliuokalani
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Spanish American War 1898

• 1895- Cuban rebels begin revolt against
  oppressive ______________rule.

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• The Yellow Press led by William Randolph
  Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fan the flames of
  imperialism and call for US intervention in Cuba.
• The press also raises US sympathy for Cuban
  rebels fighting against the Spanish General Wyler.

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• Spanish Minister insults the US President by
  calling President McKinley weak and feebleminded.
• USS Maine is sent to Havana harbor

USS Maine
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• February_____, 1898-
• USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor, killing 264
  Americans.
• Spain is falsely blamed for the explosion.

Wreck of the USS Maine
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• April 11, 1898- US declares war on Spain
• US invades the Philippines and Guam
• US Invades Puerto_________.

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• US Army invades Cuba.
• Remember the Maine
• Army includes the Rough Riders, a mixed group
  of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt.

Teddy Roosevelt
Rough Riders capture San Juan Hill
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End of the Spanish American War

• Treaty of Paris- 1898 ends war.
• Results of War
• 1. Cuba obtains independence
• 2. US obtains Philippines, Guam,
  and_____________________.
• 3. US obtains right to intervene in Cuba

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• Called a Splendid Little War
• (lasted 3 months)
• US also annexes Hawaii.
• US emerges as an Imperial World Power.
• War continues in the Philippines as Emilio
  Aguinaldo leads rebels against American rule.
  Some are critical of the US role as an imperial
  power.

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Discuss cartoon.
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President Theodore Roosevelt1901-1908

• President William McKinley was assassinated in
  Buffalo in 1901.
• Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes US
  President.
• Roosevelt becomes a Progressive President.
• His program is called The Square Deal.

• From an African proverb

Speak softly but carry a big stick
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• ________________Corollary- a statement clearly
  articulated for the first time since the Monroe
  Doctrine, that the US would protect its interests
  not only in the Western Hemisphere but also
  within the US sphere of influence .
• Roosevelt also establishes national parks and
  conservation areas throughout the US.

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• Roosevelt became involved in Panamanian
  independence from Columbia .
• Roosevelt was most responsible for the US
  building and operating the Panama Canal-
  completed in 1914. Canal shortened route from the
  Atlantic to Pacific by _________miles.
• Roosevelt sends Great White Fleet ( New Naval
  ships) on a world tour as a show of strength.

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Panama Canal
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• Roosevelt hand picks his successor, William
  Howard Taft, who is elected President in 1908.
• Unhappy with Taft, but Taft remains the incumbent
  Republican President , Roosevelt runs again in
  ____________as a third party candidate with the
  Bull Moose party.
• Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate is
  elected President in 1912, under his slogan The
  New Freedom

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• Female Reformers
• Florence Kelley-fought for child labor laws and
  improved working conditions.
• Jane Addams- helped immigrant families and
  established Hull ____________to assist poor
  families.