The Netherlands

1
The Netherlands

• Group of 17 provinces ruled by Philip II, the
  King of Spain
• 1559 Philip left the Netherlands and put his
  half-sister Margaret of Parma in charge with help
  from a special council

2
End of the Dutch Revolt
3
Cardinal Granvelle

• 1561 headed the council to control Netherlands
• Hoped to check Protestant gains through internal
  church reforms
• Wanted to break the local autonomy of the 17
  stadtholders of each province
• Wanted to establish a strong centralized govt
  from Madrid

4
Calvinism in the Netherlands

• Netherlands had many merchant citiesAntwerp,
  most magnificent and independent and a Calvinist
  stronghold
• By 1560, cities housed many Calvinists, some who
  fled from France
• William of Orange (the Silent) opposed
  Phillip IIs and Cardinal Greenvilles
  persecution of Dutch Calvinists
• Returns from exile in Germany to lead the Dutch

5

• Due to the rising tide of Calvinism, Cardinal
  Granvelle was removed from office in 1564
• Philip II began to insist the decrees of the
  Council of Trent be enforced in Netherlands
• Compromise of 1564agreement between Dutch nobles
  to resist Spain
• led to rebellion

6
Duke of Alba

• The sea beggars revolt is violently put down
  by Philip II s , Duke of Alba who executes
  thousands of suspected heretics
• Alba established the Council of Blood
  (Troubles) to execute Calvinists
• Spanish levied new taxes against the Dutch to pay
  for suppressing the revolt
• Tens of thousands fled the Netherlands during
  Albas cruel six year rule.

7
William of Orange Returns

• Orange was in exile during Albas reign
• He returned to set up his movement in his three
  provinces of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht
• The sea beggars sparked rebellions against Alba
  and his successor, Don Luis de Requesens (1573)

8
Pacification of Ghent

• Spanish Fury After Requesens death, Spanish
  mercenaries leave 7,000 people dead in Antwerp on
  November 4, 1576
• Nov. 8, 1576--the massacre unites Protestant and
  Catholic Netherlands versus Spain under the
  Pacification of Ghent

9
Union of Arras and Union of Utrecht

• Two groups Union of Utrecht (Calvinists) in the
  north and Union of Arras (Catholic) in the south
• 1577 Spain signs humiliating Perpetual Edict
  calling for the removal of all Spanish troops
  from the Netherlands
• William of Orange becomes leader of the country
• Union of Arras (southern Catholic) makes peace
  with Spain fearing Protestant dominationwill be
  called the Spanish Netherlands
• Union of Utrecht (northern Protestant) formed to
  oppose Union of Arras

10
Netherlands Independence

• Philip II declared William of Orange an outlaw
  and placed a 25,000 crown bounty on his head
• Orange responded with publicly denouncing Philip
  as a heathen tyrant in his Apology
• William of Orange is assassinated and replaced by
  his son Maurice who with the help of England and
  France finally defeat Spain
• The Union of Utrecht becomes the United
  Netherlands
• Spain first signs truce in 1609 and recognizes
  full independence of the Netherlands in 1648 with
  the Peace of Westphalia

11
Summation Revolt in the Netherlands

• Throughout the conflict, the Dutch received naval
  assistance from Elizabeth Is sea dogs against
  the Spanish Armada
• When England defeats the Spanish Armada, Spain,
  exhausted, is forced to concede control of the
  Northern provinces, but the Southern provinces
  settle with Spain for protection

12

• What was the role of religion in the Dutch
  Revolt?
• Discuss the causes of the Dutch revolt against
  Spain.
• What were William Of Orange's aims and methods
  during the Dutch Revolt?
• What were the consequences for the emerging power
  of England?
• Was the 16th century Dutch revolt successful?
• What were its outcomes?