The Stuarts

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The Stuarts

• Continued

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Charles IThe man who triggered the Civil War
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Like his father, James I, he created a lot of
tension during his reign, why?

• His mistakes
• Ruling by Divine Right
• Marrying Henrietta Maria who was a Catholic
• Taking George Villiers as an advisor
• The Eleven Years of Tyranny
• Ship Money
• The English Book of Prayers

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1. Ruling By Divine Right

• Charles I came to the throne in 1625 after the
  death of his father, James I. Like his father, he
  believed in the Divine Right of Kings. He, thus,
  believed in the absolute power of Kings. His
  wife, Henrietta Maria, encouraged him for she
  came from a background with the same belief.

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2. Marrying Henrietta Maria of France

• She believed in the Divine Right of Kings.
• Charles married Princess Henrietta Maria of
  France, a Catholic. Parliament were concerned
  about the marriage because they did not want to
  see a return to Catholicism and they believed
  that a Catholic Queen would raise their children
  to the Catholic faith.

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3. George Villiers, an advisor!

• Instead of listening to the advice of his
  Parliament, Charles chose the Duke of Buckingham,
  who influenced him a great deal, as his main
  advisor.
• Parliament disliked Buckingham and resented his
  level of power over the King. In 1623 he had been
  responsible for taking England to war with Spain
  and parliament used this to bring a charge of
  treason against him.

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4.The Eleven Years of Tyranny

• One of the major mistakes of Charles I is that
  whenever he needed Parliament he would call it,
  and whenever it opposed him, he would dissolve
  it.
• When his friend and advisor was accused of high
  treason, the House of Commons tried to impeach
  him, but Charles dissolved Parliament in order to
  save him. Of course, this created a great
  conflict.
• His determined belief in the Divine Right of
  Kings led to his dismissing parliament in 1629
  and ruling without them for 11 years usually
  called the Personal Rule.

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5. Ship Money

• 1. when a new King or Queen came to the throne
  parliament voted for their income to be paid for
  life. In Charles I's case, though, it was only
  granted for one year. (Why? Because The members
  of parliament wanted to make sure that Charles
  did not dismiss them. However, their plan did not
  work, Charles chose to rule alone and found his
  own way of getting money.)
• 2. The fact that he did not have a parliament to
  grant him money meant that he had to tax his
  people heavier.
• 3. Ship Money was a kind of tax paid to raise
  the funds in times of war. However, Charles I,
  decided that it should be paid all the time. Many
  attempted to resist payment, but Charles I
  declared that the tax was the kings prerogative.
  

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6. The English Book of Prayers

• Charles demanded that the new English Prayer Book
  be used in Scottish Churches. The Scots were more
  anti-Catholic than the English and many of them
  were Puritans.
• The Scots saw the Book as a vehicle for
  introducing Anglicanism to Scotland. Therefore,
  great enmity grew between the English and the
  Scots which eventually led to the Scots rising
  against the English .

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• This led Charles to realize his mistakes and
  withdraw the Book, but it was too late!
• The anger of the Scots had been unleashed they
  crossed from Scotland to England, and Charles,
  now, had to deal with this invading foreign army.
  
• Charles I felt he was in a tough situation that
  he took the fateful step of recalling Parliament.
• The Triennial Act was passed that stated
• Parliament could not be dissolved without its own
  consent.
• Parliament had to be called at least every 3
  years.

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The Grand Remonstrance

• Moreover, Parliament passed the Grand
  Remonstrance, a long, wide-ranging document
  indicating all the abuses of power Charles had
  committed against the state and Parliament since
  the beginning of his reign.
• Eventually, all London rose against Charles I
  leading to the English Civil War.

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The English Civil War - 1641

• The Civil war broke out as a consequence of
  Charles Is fateful mistakes.
• Charles foolish try to arrest 5 members of
  Parliament on the advice of his wife, brought
  matters to a head it was the last straw that
  people had to take some action.
• Religious and economic issues added to the
  differences between the supporters of the
  monarchy (Cavaliers) and the supporters of
  Parliament (Roundheads).

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• The main leader of the Civil War was Oliver
  Cromwell.
• His importance
• He began his military career by raising a Cavalry
  troop, known as the Ironsides Cavalry and alter
  known as the Model Army which was very diciplined
  and well-trained.
• His leadership in the Battle of Marston Moor,
  resulted in the Parliamentarian victory
• He was able to defeat the King, bringing an end
  to the monarchys claim to absolute power.
• He charged the king with high treason, so the
  House of Commons passed an Act of Parliament,
  creating a court for Charles trial, and later he
  was beheaded. (Charles I claimed that no court
  had jurisdiction over a monarch, but Cromwell was
  able to convince 10 judges to sign the death
  warrant of Charles I leading to his execution).
• He declared England a Republic in 1649.

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Oliver Cromwells beliefs

• Cromwell had the same beliefs as bloody Mary
  that God has placed him in that place to fix
  things out. Therefore, he established a greater
  religious intolerance. He was very strict and
  with all his religious zeal he created an
  extremely Christian nation. (he ruled as a lord
  protector).

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Changes brought by Cromwell

1. He forbid all kinds of entertainment. For
   example, he closed all theatres, forbid Christmas
   celebrations, etc
2. He forced people to go to Church on Sundays and
   who didnt was severely punished.
3. He increased the conflict between the English and
   the Irish for he treated the Irish brutally and
   violently.
4. He taxed the cavaliers in two ways either by
   heavy taxation or by the confiscation of the
   lands.
5. He closed all the ale houses which were the
   only form of relief for the poor.

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Peoples reaction

• People eventually got sick and started to long
  for the return of the king after trying this rule
  of religious and moral kind of republic they
  felt that joy was gone out of their lives because
  it was only dedicated to prayers. They started to
  feel the awkwardness of this kind of rule as
  theyve been always used to a constitutional
  monarchy.

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• Now, there was no King, no Parliament either. The
  solution came when Cromwell died. Ironically, he
  nominated his son Richard to be the protector of
  the people, but he refused and this was a great
  opportunity to the people to bring back kinship.
  Therefore, Charles II, was offered the throne. In
  1660, Charles II ascended the throne bringing a
  lot of fruitful changes.

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Charles IIThe Merry Monarch

• A fun-loving man the exact opposite of Cromwell.

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Changes during his reign

• A patron of arts and less restrictive than many
  of his predecessors. Therefore, when he ascended
  the throne he re-opened theatres. Most
  interestingly, during his reign we see the first
  woman actress to appear on stage. (until then
  role of women were played by men).

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This woman was called Nell Gwyn, a young woman
who used to sell oranges on the door of the
church.
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A Royal Society

• Charles II was not at all a cruel man he
  restored all what has been forbidden. He created
  a Royal Society, one that encouraged science,
  discovery, experimentation, research, eventually
  leading to the age of the Enlightenment.
  Therefore, his reign was usually referred to as
  the Restoration period. (1660)

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• Charles II was married, but never had a
  legitimate son. However, he has a lot of
  illegitimate ones, one of which was James Crafts.
• The problem now was who will inherit the throne
  after the death of Charles II?
• There were 2 options
• Either his illegitimate son, James Craft
• Or his brother James II
• The problem with James II was that he was a
  Catholic, but because Charles believed in a
  constitiutional monarchy and it was greater than
  his love to his son, he was in favor of his
  brother James and thus he nominated him to ascend
  the throne after his death.

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Two disasters happened during Charles IIs reign

• The Plague - 1655
• The Great Fire of London - 1666
• Because houses were made of wood, it
  spread very quickly. It was, however, considered
  a blessing in disguise
• It put an end to the plague because it killed all
  the rats.
• The fact that London was destroyed meant that it
  had to be rebuilt. Beautiful buildings were,
  therefore, built changing London into a beautiful
  new city.

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James II
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• James converted to Catholicism in 1669. Despite
  his conversion, James II succeeded to the throne
  peacefully after his brothers death.
• When his second (Roman Catholic) wife, Mary of
  Modena, gave birth to a son, it seemed that a
  Roman Catholic dynasty would be established.
• The Glorious Revolution
• This revolution is called Glorious because
  it achieved its objective without any bloodshed.
  (Bloodless Revolution) Its main purpose was to
  get a Protestant King to the throne.
• James IIs sister Mary who was married to a
  Protestant, William of Orange, was thus offered
  the throne. She ruled along with her husband.

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Two acts were passed

• The Toleration Act which stipulated freedom of
  worship there was no more internal turmoil and
  no more religious conflict. (religious reform)
• The Settlement Act which stated that from now on
  only a Protestant Monarch could rule.

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