The Cell

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The Cell

• Types of cells and their organelles

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I. Where did the Cell come from?

• A. In 1665 Robert Hooke cut a thin slice of cork
  and saw tiny empty boxes and called them cells

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• B. At the same time Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a
  single-lens microscope to observe pond water it
  revealed a tiny world of microscopic organisms

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• C. Types of microscopes that allowed the detailed
  study of cells include
• 1. Light microscopes (compound microscope) used
  to study stained or living cells (1000xs)
• 2. Electron microscopes used to study detailed
  structures of a cell

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II. The Cell Theory

• A. Came to be about after 3 separate scientists
  combined their findings
• 1. Mattias Schleiden concluded plants are made up
  of cells
• 2.Theodor Schwann stated all animals are made up
  of cells
• 3. Rudolf Virchow concluded that new cells could
  be produced only by the division of existing
  cells
• B. These findings summarize the fundamental
  concept

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II. The Cell Theory

• 1. All living things are composed of cells
• 2.Cells are the basic unit of structure
  function in living things
• 3. New cells are produced from existing cells

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III. Comparing Cells

• A. Cells come in many sizes. The shape of a cell
  will tell you a lot about the cells function

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IV. 2 classes of cells

• Prokaryotic (simple)
• No nucleus
• nucleoid

• Eukaryotic (true cell)
• Nucleus
• Other organelles

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V. The Organelles

• Animal Cell (eukaryotic)
• Organelle little organs

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A. PlasmaMembrane

• Double-layer structure made up of phospholipids
  (hydrophobic hydrophilic ends) proteins
• Direct what goes in out of the cell
  (semipermeable)
• a.k.a the gatekeeper
• Cheek cells ?

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A. Plasma Membrane

• The proteins along the membrane can be classified
  as
• Recognition/Adhesion proteins form junctions
  and allow for cell recognition
• Receptor proteins docking sites for hormones
• Transport proteins active transport of large
  solutes across membrane
• Channel proteins selectively allow passage of
  ions/molecules

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B. Cytoplasm

• Gel like material inside cell, keeps all
  organelles in place (solution)

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C. Nucleus

• Directs all activity within the cell (a.k.a the
  boss)
• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope that allows
  items to move in out of nuclear pores
• Gets control directions from DNA (chromatin)
• Nucleolus also found in nucleus responsible for
  making proteins (rRNA is made)

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D. Mitochondria

• Releases energy (ATP) by breaking down food so
  the cell can use it to carry out daily functions

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E. Ribosomes

• Make protein with the help of the nucleolus.
• Composed of 2 subunits of proteins RNA
• Ribosomes can be located on the endoplasmic
  reticulum or free in the cytoplasm.

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F. Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Highway of the cell, in charge of moving
  materials through the cell as well as lipid
  assembly.
• Two types of ER
• 1. Smooth ER - no ribosomes (makes
  lipids/hormones/steroids)
• 2. Rough ER - attached ribosomes (secretes
  proteins)

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G. Golgi Bodies

• Modify, Sorts packages substances made inside
  cell to be sent out in tiny sacs called vesicles.
  
• a.k.a. giftwrapper

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H. Vacuoles

• Stores water, food, salt and/or waste products.
• Are small and numerous in animal cells
• Only 1 and is very large in plant cells

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I. Lysosome (found only in animal cells)

• Digest cell wastes such as food, bacteria, old
  cell parts.
• a.k.a the garbage man

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J. Cytoskeleton Centrioles

• Help support the cell.
• A network of protein filaments that help the
  cell maintain its shape and can also be involved
  with cell movement.
• Centrioles
• Small structures that are located near nucleus
  and help organize cell with cell division with
  microtubles (only in animal cells)

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K. Peroxisomes

• Detoxify various substances producing hydrogen
  peroxide as a byproduct. Contain enzymes that
  break down H2O2 into oxygen water
• Common in liver kidney cells

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VI. Organelles found only in Plant Cells

• A. Chloroplast
• 1. Captures light energy from the sun for the
  cell to use

• B. Cell Wall
• 1. Gives support, protection, and shape to plant
  cells

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VII. Cilia Flagella

• A. These 2 structures can be used for locomotion
• 1. Cilia short small projections found only in
  eukaryotic cells
• 2. Flagellum long slender whip-like projection
  found in both eukaryotic prokaryotic cells

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VIII. From Cell to Organism

• Cells in many-celled organism do not work alone.
  Each carries on its own functions while depending
  in some way on other cells.
• Cells working together make a tissue, Tissues are
  organized into organs, Organs grouped together to
  perform a specific function is an Organ System.
• Cells ? Tissue ? Organ ? Organ System ? Organism

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Lets Play.Name that organelle

• Stores material????
• Organelle that manages or controls all the cell
  functions in a eukaryotic cell?????
• Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food
  particles and invading viruses or bacteria

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QUICK.What type of cell is this?