Kunlun Mts. Himalayan Mts.

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Physical Features
Gobi Desert
Kunlun Mts. Himalayan Mts.
Huang He (Yellow) River Yangtze River
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Middle Kingdom/ Ethnocentrism

• Mountains Deserts in the north west Pacific
  in the east isolated China from outsiders
• Ethnocentrism-China was the center of the world
• All foreigners were Barbarians
• Lacked interest in foreign cultures

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Confucianism
Founded by Confucius 6th Century B.C.

• Texts Analects/ writings of Confucius
• Filial Piety Respect for elders
• 5 relationships Father/son, Ruler/subject,
  husband/wife, older brother/ younger brother,
  friend/friend

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Taoism
Founded by Lao-tzu 3rd century BC

• Tao- The Way of the universe
• Live in Harmony with nature
• Balance between Ying Yang
• Rejected government

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Legalism

• Highly powerful government is the key to social
  order
• Punishment for offenses should be severe

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Buddhism
Siddartha Gautama 5th Century BC

• Eightfold Path, ethical behavior good deeds
  (Meditation)
• Ultimate goal is Nirvana

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Dynastic Cycles

• Rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties
• Mandate of Heaven- Rule by divine right.

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Han Dynasty

• 210BC-220 AD
• Legalism/confucianism
• Centralized government
• Civil Service Exam

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Chin Dynasty

• 221BC-210BC
• Legalism/ unified China
• Shi Huangdi
• Burned rival books/regulated coinage
• Unified Great Wall of China

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Tang Dynasty

• 618-907 AD
• Revived Confucianism
• Expanded Trade (Silk Road) connected china to the
  Middle East

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Mongol Rule

• Ruled China from 1279-1368AD
• Mongols- Invaders from the north
• Led by Genghis Khan
• China first experienced foreign rule under Kublai
  Khan
• Opened China to foreign contacts (Marco Polo)

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Opium War

• Conflict between England China over Opium Trade
• Chinese easily defeated forced to sign Treaty
  of Nanking
• Gave Britain Island of Hong Kong
  extraterritoriality
• Right to live under own laws

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Mao the Rise of Communists

• Sun Yixian establishes republic of China 1911
• 3 Principles Nationalism, Democracy, livelihood
• Chiang Kai Shek takes over leadership of
  Kuomintang (Nationalists) 1925

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Taiwan- the Republic of China
Peoples Republic of China
Mainland
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Mao the Rise of Communists
Civil War between Nationalists Communists Mao
Zedong Communist defeat Nationalists under
Chiang Kai Shek (Taiwan)
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Mao the Rise of Communists
Great Leap Forward- Program to increase
industrial Agricultural Output
(Collectivization) Cultural Revolution- Renewal
of Loyalty to Communism purge China of non
revolutionary forces
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Legacy of Mao

• Leaders after Mao are more moderate
• UN membership in 1971
• President Nixon visits China in 1972
• US Recognizes China in 1979

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4 Modernizations

• Leader Deng Xiaoping promoted foreign trade and
  contact with western World
• 4 modernizations Industry,Farming,
• Science technology,
• Defense.
• Eliminated communes

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• Economic Reform supported capitalist ideas but
  remained strongly Communist
• Tiananmen Square- 1989 student uprising in May
  1989 1000s killed or wounded. 10,000 arrested
• Human rights violations still a huge issue

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China in the 1990's

• Leader Jiang Zemin (1997-today)
• Economically open/ politically closed
• Transfer of Hong Kong (1997) from British control
• Agreed not to change Hong Kongs political or
  economic system for 50 years