Chapter 19 Food Resources

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Chapter 19Food Resources
Millions of children suffer from this
diseasecalled Kwashiorkor, which is caused by a
severe protein deficiency, leading to fluid
retention and a characteristic swollen belly.
(This photo was taken at Bonga Refugee Camp in
Ethiopia in 2007)
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Overview of Chapter 19

• World Food Security
• Food Production
• Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
• Environmental Impact of Agriculture
• Solutions to Agricultural Problems
• Fisheries of the World

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World Food Security

• Food Insecurity is Prevalent in Less-developed
  nations!
• According to the U.N. FAO (Food Agriculture
  Organization), close to 1 billion people lack
  access to the food needed for healthy, productive
  lives!
• 2 major diseases of undernutrition
• Marasmus the progressive emaciation caused by a
  lack of protein and calories. Most common in the
  1st year of life in developing nations
• Kwashiorkor (displaced child in Ghana)
  under-nutrition caused by protein deficiency in
  poor areas of most of the world
• Symptoms include swollen belly, stunted growth,
  brittle hair, apathy, etc.

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World Food Security

• Feeding growing population is difficult
• Annual grain production (left) has increased
  since 1970
• Grain per person has not (right)

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World Food Security

• Famine
• Temporary but severe shortage of food, typically
  caused by crop failure, drought, flood, war, or
  some other catastrophic event.
• Developing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin
  America are most at risk
• More people die from starvation due to overall
  lack of adequate nutrition than from a short-term
  famine episode.

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World Food Security

• Maintaining World Grain Stocks
• Amounts of rice, wheat, corn and other grains
  remaining from previous harvest
• Provides measure of food security
• Decreased each year since 1987
• UN feels carryover stock should not fall below 70
  days

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Decline in Grain Stockcauses

• Rising temps
• Falling water tables and droughts
• Ethanol production
• More grain is going towards feeding livestock
• Increased meat consumption in developing countries

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World Food Security

• Economics and Politics
• Cost money to store, produce, transport and
  distribute food, and the places most in need of
  food are the places that are least able to
  produce it (Asia, Africa, and Latin America)
• Getting food to those who need it is political
• Democratic countries are more likely to get food
  supplies to those who need it than totalitarian
  regimes are!

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Poverty and Food

• 1.3 billion people are so poor they cannot afford
  proper nutrition
• More common in
• Rural than urban areas
• Infants, children and the elderly

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Food Production

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Animals as food

• Constitute 40 of the calories consumed in
  developed countries
• Only comprise 5 of calories consumed in
  developing countries

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Principle Types of Agriculture

• Industrialized agriculture
• Modern agriculture methods that require large
  capital input, and less land and labor
• Subsistence Agriculture
• Traditional agricultural methods, which are
  dependent on labor and large amounts of land
• Shifting cultivation, Slash and burn agriculture,
  Nomadic herding, Intercropping

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Industrialized Agriculture!
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Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestock

• Domestication and Genetic Diversity
• Domestication of crops and livestock causes a
  loss of genetic diversity
• Farmer selects and propagates animals with
  desirable agricultural characteristics

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Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestock

• Increasing Crop Yield

• Food production increased in developed countries
  (wheat (left)
• Pesticides
• Selective breeding

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Case-In-Point Green Revolution

• High Yielding Rice Varieties

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Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestock

• Increasing Livestock Yields.mostly dependent
  upon 2 inputs
• Hormone supplements
• US and Canada
• Not used in Europe
• Antibiotics
• 40 of antibiotics produced in US are used in
  livestock operations
• Problems with increased bacteria resistance

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Antibiotic Use and Resistance

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Genetic Engineering

• Manipulation of genes by taking specific gene
  from a cell of one species and placing it into
  the cell of an unrelated species

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Genetically Modified Organisms

• Add beneficial characteristics to crops
• Additional nutrition
• Resistance to pests
• Drought resistances (below)
• Herbicides

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Genetically Modified Organisms

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Safety in Genetic Engineering

• Determined to be safe for human consumption
• Concerns about GMO seed or pollen spreading in
  wild
• Backlash against GMOs
• GMOs are not currently labeled
• FDA finds it would be counterproductive and
  expensive to label

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Environmental Impacts of Agriculture

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Solutions to Agricultural Problems- Sustainable
Agriculture

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Sustainable Agriculture

• Examples
• Natural Predator-prey relationships instead of
  pesticides
• Crop selection
• Crop rotation and conservation tillage
• Supplying nitrogen with legumes
• Organic agriculture
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Limited use of pesticides with sustainable
  agriculture practices

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Fisheries of the World - Problems

• No nation lays claim to open ocean
• Resource susceptible to overuse and degradation

• Overharvesting
• Many species are at point of severe depletion
• 62 of worlds fish stock are in need of
  management action

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Fisheries of the World - Problems

• Overharvesting (continued)
• Sophisticated fishing equipment
• Bycatch killed off
• Magnuson Fisheries Conservation Act

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World Seafood Harvest

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Fisheries of the World - Problems

• Ocean Pollution - dumping ground
• Oil
• Heavy metals
• Deliberate litter dumping
• Stormwater runoff from cities and agricultural
  areas
• Aquaculture
• Growing of aquatic organisms for human
  consumption
• Great potential to supply food

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Fisheries of the World - Problems

• Aquaculture (continued)
• Locations of fisheries may hurt natural habitats
• Produce waste that pollutes adjacent water