Chapter 2 The Properties of Matter

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Chapter 2 The Properties of Matter

• What is Matter?

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Matter and Volume

• Matter- Anything that has mass and takes up
  space.
• Everything in the universe that you can see is
  made up of matter.
• Volume- The amount of space taken up, or
  occupied, by an object.
• Because objects have volume, they cannot occupy
  the same space at the same time.

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Liquid Volume

• Units for Liquid Volume
• L
• mL
• cm3
• Measuring Liquid Volume
• Use graduated cylinder more accurate
• Meniscus the curve at a liquids surface
• Read liquid measurements from the bottom of the
  meniscus.

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Solid Volume

• Regularly Shaped Objects
• Units for solids
• cm3 units (having 3 sides)
• Volume length (l) x width (w) x height (h)
• Irregularly Shaped Objects
• Same units as above
• Use water displacement method.
• Submerge object in a known amount of water and
  read the level change.
• 1 mL 1 cm3

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Matter and Mass

• Mass the amount of matter in an object.
• The more matter in the object, the greater the
  mass
• Mass of an object is the same regardless of the
  objects location in the universe.
• Mass vs. Weight
• Mass and weight do NOT have the same meaning.
• Weight the measure of gravitational force
  exerted on an object.
• Will change with location in the universe

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Difference Between Mass and Weight

• MASS
• Measure of the amount of matter in an object
• Always the same regardless of location in
  universe
• Measured using a balance
• Expressed in grams

• WEIGHT
• Measure of graviatational force on an object
• Changes based on location in the universe
• Measured using a scale
• Expressed in Newtons (N)

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Inertia

• Inertia- the tendency of an object to resist a
  change in motion.
• The object will remain at rest until something
  causes the object to move.
• A moving object will continue moving at the same
  speed and in the same direction unless something
  acts on the object to change speed or direction

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Mass The Measure of Inertia

• Mass is the measure of inertia
• An object with a large mass is harder to get
  moving and is harder to stop

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1.2 Physical Properties

• A Physical Property of matter can be observed or
  measured without changing the matters identity.
• Examples
• color
• Melting and boiling points
• mass
• Conduct electricity
• Strength
• Flexibility
• State solid, liquid, or gas
• Density the amount of mass in a given volume
• Solubility
• Ductility ability to be draw into wires
• Malleability ability to be hammered into sheets

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Physical Properties
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Density

• Density is a physical property that describes the
  relationship between mass and volume.
• Density- the amount of matter in a given space or
  volume.
• Basketball vs. bowling ball.
• They both are the same size, but the bowling ball
  has more mass.
• Since it has more mass, it has a greater density

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Density Continued

• Denser liquids go to the bottom of the container.
• Think of vinegar and oil salad dressing
• Density of solids.
• Would you rather carry 1kg of feathers or 1kg of
  lead?
• The lead would be much smaller to carry around.
• An object will float on water if it is less dense
  that water
• The object will sink if it is more dense than
  water.

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Density Continued

• To find density, you must first measure the mass
  and volume of the object.
• The formula is
• Density mass D m
• volume V
• The unit will be g/cm3 . You may also see kg/m3
  or kg/L

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Density Continued

• What is the density of an object whose mass is
  25g and whose volume is 10 cm3?
• Suppose you have a lead ball whose mass is 454 g
  and density is 11.35 g/cm3. What is the volume of
  the ball?

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Density Continued

• What is the mass of a 15 mL sample of mercury
  with a density of 13.55 g/mL?
• A graduated cylinder contains 25 mL of water.
  When a 4.5 g paper clip is dropped into the
  water, the water level rises to 36 mL. What is
  the density of the paper clip?

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1.3 Chemical Properties

• Chemical Properties -Describes matter based on
  its ability to change into new matter that has
  ________ properties.
• Wood is flammable. (Ability to burn)
• Reactivity- the ability of two or more substances
  to combine.
• Iron combines with water and oxygen to form rust.

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Physical Changes

• Physical changes do not form new substances.
• Physical change- A change that affects one or
  more physical properties of a substance.
• Examples include
• silver shaped into jewelry
• Cutting a piece of wood
• Tearing a piece of paper
• Dissolving sugar in water
• Cutting or braiding hair

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Characteristic Properties

• Characteristic properties- These properties are
  always the same no matter what amount you have.
• Chemical change- Occurs when one or more
  substances are changed into new substances that
  have new and different properties.
• When you bake a cake, you combine flour, sugar,
  eggs, and several other ingredients. The product
  is the cake. You cannot unbake the cake and
  return to the original ingredients.

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Signs of a Chemical Change

• Several signs indicate a chemical change has
  taken place. These include
• Change in color
• Change in odor
• production of heat
• fizzing and foaming, or bubbling
• or formation of a precipitate (solid)
• When you bake a cake you smell it baking, you see
  it browning, and when you cut it open you can see
  pockets of gas.

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Color Change
Copper will form a patina when exposed to moist
air
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Production of a Gas
Carbon Dioxide gas forms when baking soda is
mixed with vinegar.
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Formation of a Precipitate
Curds in cottage cheese form when acid is added
to milk
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Composition

• Composition- The type of matter that makes up the
  object and the way that the matter is arranged in
  the object.
• Physical changes will not change the composition
  of the material.
• Chemical changes will change the composition of
  the material.