THE ENLIGHTENMENT

1
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
2

• 18TH Century
  movement
• Europe
• Thinkers apply reason and scientific methods to
  all aspects of society

3
The Scientific Revolution
4

• OLD SCHOOL
• Geocentric Theory
• Earth was the center of the universe
• NEW SCHOOL
• Heliocentric Theory
• Sun is the center of the universe

5
Nicholas Copernicus
6
Copernicus

• Polish astronomer
• Reasoned
• Earth was round
• Earth rotated on an axis
• Earth revolved around the sun
• Feared persecution from the Church
• Published after his death

7
Johannes Kepler
8
Kepler

• Proved Copernicus was right
• Mathematics
• Planets move in elliptical orbit around sun

9
Galileo Galilei
10
Galileo

• Italian scientist
• Built own telescope
• Observations and laws of motion supported
  Copernicus

11
Galileo

• Frightened Church
• Pope summoned Galileo to stand trial
• Under threat of torture agreed Copernicus was
  wrong

12
Sir Francis Bacon
13
Bacon

• Scientific Method
• Observe problem/question
• Form a hypothesis
• Test hypothesis
• Analyze data
• Draw conclusion

14
Rene Descartes
15
Descartes

• Developed analytical geometry
• Relied on math and logic
• Everything in doubt until proven
• I think therefore I am

16
Sir Isaac Newton
17
Newton

• English scientist
• Theory of motion
• Law of universal gravitation

18
Spread of S.R.

• Scientific instruments
• Zacharias Janssen microscope
• Evangelista Torricelli barometer
• Gabriel Fahrenheit - thermometer

19
Spread cont.

• Medicine / Human Body
• Andreas Vesalius dissection of human bodies
• Edward Jenner vaccinations
• Chemistry
• Robert Boyle
• More than four elements in the world

20
Thomas Hobbes
21
Thomas Hobbes

• Absolute monarchy was best
• Human beings are naturally
• Violent
• Disorderly
• Without absolute monarch chaos
• 1651 Leviathan
• Form social contract
• Give up freedoms to be protected and live
  peacefully
• No right to rebel

22
John Locke
23
John Locke

• Government based on social contract
• Human beings are naturally
• Reasonable
• Moral
• All people have natural rights
• Life
• Liberty
• Property

24
Locke cont.

• Government created to protect natural rights
• People had right to overthrow

25
The Philosophes

• Height of Enlightenment in France
• Met in Paris to discuss ideas
• Believed people could apply reason to all aspects
  of life

26
Philosophes cont.

• Five concepts of core beliefs
• Reason
• Nature
• Happiness
• Progress
• Liberty

27
Voltaire
28
Voltaire

• French writer
• Fought for
• Tolerance
• Reason
• Freedom of religion
• Freedom of speech
• Made many enemies
• Sent to jail later exiled to England for two
  years

29
Montesquieu
30
Montesquieu

• French writer political liberty
• Proposed separation of powers amongst branches of
  government
• Keep individuals or groups from becoming too
  powerful

31
Rousseau
32
Rousseau

• Passionate about individual freedoms
• Believed society corrupted peoples natural
  goodness
• Believed only good government was freely formed
  from the will of the people

33
Rousseau cont.

• Social contract
• Free individuals to create society and government
• All people equal ? titles of nobility abolished

34
Beccaria
35
Beccaria

• Italian philosophe
• Laws existed to preserve social order
• Argued for rights of the accused
• Believed capital punishment should be abolished

36
Mary Wollstonecraft
37
Mary Wollstonecraft

• Philosophes held traditional view toward women
• Mary argued that women need education
• Urged women to enter fields dominated by men
• Medicine
• Politics

38
Legacy

• Inspired French and American Revolutions
• Three long-term effects
• Belief in progress
• Rise of more secular outlook
• Rise of individualism