Cell Processes and Energy

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Chapter 2

• Cell Processes and Energy

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VA Standards of Learning

• LS.1 The student will plan and conduct
  investigations in which
• a) data are organized into tables showing
  repeated trials and means
• b) variables are defined
• c) metric units (SIInternational System of
  Units) are used
• g) variables are controlled to test hypotheses,
  and trials are repeated
• h) continuous line graphs are constructed,
  interpreted, and used to make predictions
• LS.2 The student will investigate and understand
  that all living things are composed of cells. Key
  concepts include
• a) cell structure and organelles (cell membrane,
  cell wall, cytoplasm, vacuole, mitochondrion,
  endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and chloroplast)
• d) cell division (mitosis and meiosis).
• LS.3 The student will investigate and understand
  that living things show patterns of cellular
  organization. Key concepts include
• b) life functions and processes of cells,
  tissues, organs, and systems (respiration,
  removal of wastes, growth, reproduction,
  digestion, and cellular transport).
• LS.4 The student will investigate and understand
  that the basic needs of organisms must be met in
  order to carry out life processes. Key concepts
  include
• a) plant needs (light, water, gases, and
  nutrients)
• LS.6 The student will investigate and understand
  the basic physical and chemical processes of
  photosynthesis and its importance to plant and
  animal life. Key concepts include
• a) energy transfer between sunlight and
  chlorophyll
• b) transformation of water and carbon dioxide
  into sugar and oxygen and
• c) photosynthesis as the foundation of virtually
  all food webs.
• LS.13 The student will investigate and understand
  that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic
  information to new generations. Key concepts
  include
• a) the role of DNA

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Chapter 2 - Section 1Chemical Compounds in cells

• Objectives
• After completing the lesson students will be
  able to
• Describe four main kinds of organic molecules in
  living things
• Explain how water is essential to the functioning
  of cells

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Egg-speriment LAB

• Did you ever wonder how a baby chick can breathe
  when its still inside the egg??
• The shell of the egg allows air to reach the
  developing chick inside, while it keeps most
  other substances outside. Just as an egg needs
  to control which substances enter it, so does
  every cell in your body.

• Your Goal To observe how various materials enter
  or leave a cell, using an uncooked egg as a model
  of the cell.
• Follow the directions on the next slide closely
• Remember no horse play!!
• You make the mess.you clean it up!

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Egg-speriment LAB Directions

• Break into small groups as assigned by teacher.
• Each group gets an egg, a cup, and a manipulated
  variable (water, vinegar, colored water, soda,
  etc.)

• Measure the circumference of the egg and write it
  in your notebook
• Place the egg in the cup filled with the assigned
  liquid.
• Predict Write down what you think will happen to
  the egg
• We will be periodically measuring the egg and
  charting the changes

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Chemical Compounds in Cells

• If cells are the building blocks of living
  things, then what substances are the basic
  building blocks of cells?
• In this section you will explore how the
  substances that make up living cells differ from
  those that make up nonliving things.

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Elements and Compounds

• An ____________ is any substance that cannot be
  broken down into ___________ substances.
• The ____________ unit of an element is an
  ___________.
• An element is made up of only ___________ kind of
  ______________.
• The _____________ found in living things include
  ____________, hydrogen, ___________, nitrogen,
  phosphorus, and ____________

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Elements and Compounds

• An element is any substance that cannot be broken
  down into simpler substances.
• The smallest unit of an element is an atom.
• An element is made up of only one kind of atom.
• The elements found in living things include
  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus,
  and sulfur

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• When two or more elements combine chemically they
  form a ______________.
• Water, for example, is a __________ made up of
  the elements ___________ and _________.
• The ___________ unit of most compounds is called
  a ____________. Each water molecule is made up
  of two hydrogen ___________ and one oxygen
  ___________.

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• When two or more elements combine chemically they
  form a compound.
• Water, for example, is a compound made up of the
  elements hydrogen and oxygen.
• The smallest unit of most compounds is called a
  molecule. Each water molecule is made up of two
  hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

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United Streaming Video Invention Elements and
Compounds 24 minutes
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Organic and Inorganic Compounds

• Many of the compounds found in living things
  contain the element _____________, which is
  usually ______________ with other elements.
• Most compounds that contain __________ are called
  _____________________ compounds.
• The most _____________ groups of organic
  compounds found in living things are
  ______________, _______________, ________, and
  __________ ____________. Many of these compounds
  are found in the food we eat. Why?

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Organic and Inorganic Compounds

• Many of the compounds found in living things
  contain the element carbon, which is usually
  combined with other elements.
• Most compounds that contain carbon are called
  organic compounds.
• The most important groups of organic compounds
  found in living things are proteins,
  carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Many
  of these compounds are found in the food we eat.
  Why?

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Organic and Inorganic Compounds

• WHY? The foods we eat come from living things.

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Organic and Inorganic Compounds

• Compounds that dont contain the element
  ___________ are called __________ compounds.
• ONE EXCEPTION to the definition is
• _________________ ________________.
• Although _____________ ___________ contains
  carbon it is classified as an _________________
  compound.
• Other ___________________ compounds include
  ______________ and sodium chloride, table salt.

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Organic and Inorganic Compounds

• Compounds that dont contain the element carbon
  are called inorganic compounds.
• ONE EXCEPTION to the definition is carbon
  dioxide.
• Although carbon dioxide contains carbon it is
  classified as an inorganic compound.
• Other inorganic compounds include water and
  sodium chloride, table salt.

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??????? ?????????????????????????

• What do a birds feathers, a spiders web, and
  your fingernails have in common????
• All these substances are made mainly of
  proteins!!!

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Proteins

• Proteins are large __________ ___________ made of
  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and, in some
  cases, sulfur.
• ________ that are high in protein include
  _______, ________, _________, _________, and
  ________.
• __________ use proteins for many different
  things. Proteins form parts of the _____
  __________, make up many of the ________
  ___________, and cells use proteins to
  _____________ body structures such as
  ___________________.

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Proteins

• Proteins are large organic molecules made of
  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and, in some
  cases, sulfur.
• Foods that are high in protein include meat,
  eggs, fish, nuts, and beans.
• Cells use proteins for many different things.
  Proteins form parts of the cell membrane, make up
  many of the cell organelles, and cells use
  proteins to build body structures such as muscles.

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Protein Structure

• Protein molecules are made up of smaller
  molecules called ______________ ____________.
• There are only _____ common ________ ______.
• However, ________ can combine them in different
  ways to form ____________ of different _______.
• The type of _____________ _________ and the
  _______________ they are linked together
  determine the type of ____________.

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Protein Structure

• Protein molecules are made up of smaller
  molecules called amino acids.
• There are only 20 common amino acids.
• However, cells can combine them in different ways
  to form thousands of different proteins.
• The type of amino acid and the order they are
  linked together determine the type of protein.

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ABCs of Proteins

• Think of the 20 amino acids as the 26 letters of
  the alphabet.
• When you combine the letters of the alphabet you
  can form thousands of words!!

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Enzymes

• An _________ is a type of ___________ that speeds
  up a _______________ reaction in a living thing.
• Without ______________ chemical reactions
  necessary for ______________ would take to long
  or would not happen.
• Example ___________ in __________ speed up the
  _______________________ of food by breaking down
  starches into sugars

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Enzymes

• An enzyme is a type of protein that speeds up a
  chemical reaction in a living thing.
• Without enzymes chemical reactions necessary for
  life would take to long or would not happen.
• Example enzymes in saliva speed up the digestion
  of food by breaking down starches into sugars

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MINI LAB MINI LAB MINI LAB

• Use this activity to discover one role that
  enzymes play in your body.
• Put an unsalted soda cracker in your mouth. Chew
  it up, but do not swallow. Note what the
  cracker tastes like.
• Continue to chew the cracker for a few minutes,
  mixing it well with your saliva. Note how the
  taste of the cracker changes.
• Inferring Soda crackers are made of mainly
  starch, with little sugar. How can you account
  for the change in taste after you chewed the
  cracker for a few minutes? (Write the answer in
  your notebook)

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Carbohydrates

• A ___________ is an energy-rich ___________
  compound made of the elements ____________,
  _____________, and __________. ___________ and
  _________ are examples.
• __________ are produced during the food-making
  process that takes place in _________.
  __________ molecules can combine, forming large
  molecules called ______________. Plant cells
  store excess energy in molecules of _________.
• ___________ are important components of some cell
  parts. The _____________ found in cell walls of
  plants is a type. ___________ are also found in
  cell __________________.

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Carbohydrates

• A carbohydrate is an energy-rich organic compound
  made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen. Sugars and starches are examples.
• Sugars are produced during the food-making
  process that takes place in plants. Sugar
  molecules can combine, forming large molecules
  called starches. Plant cells store excess energy
  in molecules of starch.
• Carbohydrates are important components of some
  cell parts. The cellulose found in cell walls of
  plants is a type. Carbohydrates are also found
  in cell membranes.

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Lipids

• _____, _____, and ______ are all _____.
• Example Fat on steak
• Like carbohydrates, lipids are-energy rich,
  __________ compounds made of ___________,
  __________, and ________________.
• Lipids contain more __________________ than
  carbohydrates. ______________ store energy in
  ____________ for later use.
• Can you think of an example of this process?

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Lipids

• Fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids.
• Example Fat on steak
• Like carbohydrates, lipids are-energy rich,
  organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen.
• Lipids contain more energy than carbohydrates.
  Cells store energy in lipids for later use.
• Can you think of an example of this process?

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Hibernation
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Nucleic Acids

• ___________ _____________ are very large organic
  molecules made of ______________, _____________,
  _____________, _____________, and
  __________________.
• ______________ _________________ contain the
  _________________ that cells need to carry out
  all the ___________________ of life.
• There are two kinds of ____________ ________
  _____________ and _______________.

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are very large organic molecules
  made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
  phosphorus.
• Nucleic acids contain the instructions that cells
  need to carry out all the functions of life.
• There are two kinds of nucleic acids DNA and RNA

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DNA and RNA

• __________________________ acid (DNA) is the
  ___________ material that carries _____________
  about an organism that is passed from parent to
  offspring.
• The information in _______ also ___________ all
  of the cells _______________. Most of the DNA
  in a cell is found in the __________ in the
  ______.
• ________________ acid (RNA) plays an important
  role in _________ production. RNA is found in
  the _____________, as well as in the
  _____________.

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DNA and RNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic
  material that carries information about an
  organism that is passed from parent to offspring.
• The information in DNA also directs all of the
  cells functions. Most of the DNA in a cell is
  found in the chromatin in the nucleus.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) plays an important role
  in protein production. RNA is found in the
  cytoplasm, as well as in the nucleus.

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Water and Living Things

• __________________ makes up about __________
  _________ of the human body.
• _____________ plays a ___________ role in cells.
  Most ___________ __________ take place in cells
  can occur only when substances are ____________
  in ____________________.
• Without ___________, most _________________
  _____________ within cells could not take place.
• Water also helps keep the ________________ and
  _______________ of the cell.

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Water and Living Things

• Water makes up about two thirds of the human
  body.
• Water plays a vital role in cells. Most chemical
  reactions take place in cells can occur only when
  substances are dissolved in water.
• Without water, most chemical reactions within
  cells could not take place.
• Water also helps keep the size and shape of the
  cell

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• ...cells would be like a deflated balloon
  without water.

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Chapter 2 Section 2The Cell in Its Environment

• Objectives
• After completing the lesson students will be
  able to
• Describe the three methods by which materials
  move into and out of cells
• Compare passive transport to active transport
• Why cells are small

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Cell Membrane as Gatekeeper

• The cell membrane is _______________
  __________________, which means that some
  substances can pass through it while others
  cannot.
• Substances that can move into and out of call do
  so by one of three methods _____________,
  ________________, or _____________ ______________.

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Cell Membrane as Gatekeeper

• The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which
  means that some substances can pass through it
  while others cannot.
• Substances that can move into and out of call do
  so by one of three methods diffusion, osmosis,
  or active transport.

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Diffusion Molecules in Motion

• The main ________________ by which small
  molecules move into and out of cells is
  ________________.
• __________________ is the process by which
  molecules tend to move from an area of
  _____________ ___________________ to an area of
  ______________ ________________.

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Diffusion Molecules in Motion

• The main method by which small molecules move
  into and out of cells is diffusion.
• Diffusion is the process by which molecules tend
  to move from an area of higher concentration to
  an area of lower concentration.

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What Causes Diffusion?

• Molecules are always moving. As they move, the
  molecules bump into one another. The more
  molecules there are in an area, the more
  collision there will be. Collisions cause
  molecules to push away from one another. Over
  time, the molecules of a substance will continue
  to spread out. Eventually they will be spread
  evenly throughout the area.

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Experiment How do Molecules Move?

• Raise your hand when you smell the air freshener
  that the teacher sprays.
• Notice the High Concentration where the air
  freshener is sprayed.
• What process allows everyone to eventually smell
  the air freshener?

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LETTING CONCENTRATION DO THE WORK

• Sometimes cells are in an area where there is a
  large concentration difference. For example,
  oxygen molecule concentrations could be very high
  outside of the cell and very low inside. Those
  oxygen molecules are so small that they are able
  to cross and enter the cell. There is no energy
  needed for this process. In this case, it's good
  for the cell because cells need oxygen to
  survive.

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Diffusion
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Osmosis the Diffusion of Water Molecules

• The diffusion of ____________ molecules through
  _______________ _________________ membrane is
  called _________________.
• _________________________ is important to cells
  because cells cannot ________________________
  properly without adequate _________________.

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Osmosis the Diffusion of Water Molecules

• The diffusion of water molecules through
  selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis.
• Osmosis is important to cells because cells
  cannot function properly without adequate water.

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OSMOSIS

• This is a water specific process. Because
  concentrations like to be the same, the cell can
  pump ions in an out to stay alive. Osmosis is the
  movement of water across the membrane.

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Passive Transport

• The movement of materials through a cell membrane
  without using _______________ is called
  ____________ _________________.
• _______________ and _______________ are examples
  of ________________ ____________.
• It is like riding your bicycle down hill!!

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Passive Transport

• The movement of materials through a cell membrane
  without using energy is called passive transport.
• Diffusion and Osmosis are examples of Passive
  Transport.
• It is like riding your bicycle down hill!!

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Active Transport

• _____________ ___________________ is the movement
  of materials through a cell membrane using
  _______________.
• Like pedaling your bicycle up the hill!!!!!
• A cell has several ways of moving materials by
  active transport.

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Active Transport

• Active Transport is the movement of materials
  through a cell membrane using energy.
• Like pedaling your bicycle up the hill!!!!!
• A cell has several ways of moving materials by
  active transport.

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Active Transport On the Move

• _________________ _______________ in the cell
  membrane _________________ ____________
  molecules outside the cell and carry them in,
  using energy in the process. (Calcium,
  potassium, and sodium)
• Cell membrane ____________, or ____________, a
  particle. Once the particle is _______________,
  the cell membrane pinches off and forms a
  _____________________ within the cell. The cell
  must use energy in this process.

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Active Transport On the Move

• Transport Proteins in the cell membrane pick up
  molecules outside the cell and carry them in,
  using energy in the process. (Calcium,
  potassium, and sodium)
• Cell membrane surrounds, or engulfs, a particle.
  Once the particle is engulfed, the cell membrane
  pinches off and forms a vacuole within the cell.
  The cell must use energy in this process.

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Why are cells small?

• As a cells size increases, more of its
  _______________ is located __________ from the
  ______ _______________. Once a molecule enters a
  cell, it is carried to its destination by a
  stream of moving cytoplasm, somewhat like the way
  currents of water in the ocean moves a raft.
• In a very large cell, the streams of cytoplasm
  must travel farther to bring materials to all
  parts of the cell. It would also take longer to
  remove waste. If a cell grew ________ _______,
  it could not function well enough to _________.
• When a cell reaches a certain size it
  ____________.

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Why are cells small?

• As a cells size increases, more of its cytoplasm
  is located farther from the cell membrane. Once
  a molecule enters a cell, it is carried to its
  destination by a stream of moving cytoplasm,
  somewhat like the way currents of water in the
  ocean moves a raft.
• In a very large cell, the streams of cytoplasm
  must travel farther to bring materials to all
  parts of the cell. It would also take longer to
  remove waste. If a cell grew too large, it could
  not function well enough to survive.
• When a cell reaches a certain size it divides.

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Chapter 2 Section 3Photosynthesis

• Objectives
• After completing the lesson students will be
  able to
• Describe the process of photosynthesis
• Explain how the sun supplies all living things
  with the energy they need

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Photosynthesis

• The process by which a cell captures the ________
  in _________________ and uses it to make ______
  is _____________________.
• The term ________________________ comes from the
  root words photo, which means light, and
  synthesis, which means putting together.
  Photosynthesis means _______________________
• _________________________________________.

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Photosynthesis

• The process by which a cell captures the energy
  in sunlight and uses it to make food is
  photosynthesis.
• The term photosynthesis comes from the root words
  photo, which means light, and synthesis, which
  means putting together. Photosynthesis means
  using light to make food.

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Two-Stage Process

• During ____________________, plants and some
  other organisms use energy from the sun to
  ___________ ____________ _____________ and
  ____________________ into ________________ and
  __________________, including glucose.
• ___________________ __________________ the suns
  energy and ____________________ sugars.

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Two-Stage Process

• During photosynthesis, plants and some other
  organisms use energy from the sun to convert
  carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars,
  including glucose.
• Two-Stages capturing the suns energy and
  producing sugars.

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Stage 1 - Capturing the Suns Energy

• The energy-capturing process occurs in the
  ____________ and other green parts of the plant.
• Review
• ______________ are green _______________ inside
  plant cells. In most plants, ___________ cells
  contain more ________________ than do cells in
  other parts of the plant.
• The ____________________ in plant cells give
  plants their _________ color. The green color
  comes from _________, colored chemical compounds
  that absorb light. The main pigment found is
  _________________.
• _________ capture light energy to power the
  second stage.

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Stage 1 - Capturing the Suns Energy

• The energy-capturing process occurs in the leaves
  and other green parts of the plant.
• Review
• Chloroplasts are green organelles inside plant
  cells. In most plants, leaf cells contain more
  chloroplasts than do cells in other parts of the
  plant.
• The chloroplasts in plant cells give plants their
  green color. The green color comes from
  pigments, colored chemical compounds that absorb
  light. The main pigment found is chlorophyll.
• Pigments capture light energy to power the second
  stage.

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Photosynthesis occurs inside chloroplasts in the
cells of plants and other organisms. The
chloroplasts are the green structures in the
cell.
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LAB LAB LAB LAB LAB LAB

• Break into Lab Groups
• Follow Instructions Closely NO Horse Play!
• Answer the question in your notebook.
• Take Coffee filter strip and place leaf on top of
  filter strip.
• Take a dime and roll over the leaf leaving a
  narrow band of color on the paper strip.

• Take cup with rubbing alcohol and place strip in
  cup so the color band is about 1 cm above the
  alcohol. Hook the other end of strip over the
  side of the cup.
• After 10 minutes, remove paper strip and let it
  dry. Observe the strip. Wash hands when
  finished.
• What does the appearance of your paper strip
  reveal about the presence of pigments in the
  leaf?

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Stage 2 - Using Energy to Make Food

• The cell uses the captured energy to produce
  _________. The cell needs two raw materials from
  this stage __________ (H20) and ________ ______
  (CO2). In plants, the ______ absorb water from
  the soil -gt through the stem to the leaves.
  __________ __________, a gas found in the air,
  enters the plant through small openings on the
  undersides of the leaves called ___________.
  Once in the leaves the water and carbon dioxide
  move into the _________.

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Stage 2 - Using Energy to Make Food

• The cell uses the captured energy to produce
  sugars. The cell needs two raw materials from
  this stage water (H20) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
  In plants, the roots absorb water from the soil
  -gt through the stem to the leaves. Carbon
  dioxide, a gas found in the air, enters the plant
  through small openings on the undersides of the
  leaves called stomata. Once in the leaves the
  water and carbon dioxide move into the
  chloroplasts.

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Stage 2 - Using Energy to Make Food contd

• Inside the _________, the water and carbon
  dioxide undergo a _________ series of ________
  _______. The reactions are powered by the
  ______________ ___________ in the first stage.
  One of the products of the reaction is
  ____________. The other products are
  ______________, including glucose. Cells can use
  the energy in the __________ to carry out
  important cell ___________________.

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Stage 2 - Using Energy to Make Food contd

• Inside the chloroplasts, the water and carbon
  dioxide undergo a complex series of chemical
  reactions. The reactions are powered by the
  energy captured in the first stage. One of the
  products of the reaction is oxygen. The other
  products are sugars, including glucose. Cells
  can use the energy in the sugars to carry out
  important cell functions.

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The Photosynthesis Equation

• _________ _________
• 6H2O 6CO2 ----------gt C6H12O6 6O2
• _________ ___________ (_________)
  ____________ ____________

six molecules of water plus six molecules of
carbon dioxide yields one molecule of sugar plus
six molecules of oxygen
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The Photosynthesis Equation

• light energy
• 6H2O 6CO2 ----------gt C6H12O6 6O2
• water carbon dioxide (yields)
  glucose oxygen

six molecules of water plus six molecules of
carbon dioxide yields one molecule of sugar plus
six molecules of oxygen
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Photosynthesis and Life

• A plant is an _______________, an organism that
  makes its own food.
• A __________________, an organism that cannot
  make its own food. To live, grow, and perform
  every day functions these organisms must eat the
  autotrophs.
• _________ ? caterpillar ? ____________

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Photosynthesis and Life

• A plant is an autotroph, an organism that makes
  its own food.
• A heterotroph, an organism that cannot make its
  own food. To live, grow, and perform every day
  functions these organisms must eat the
  autotrophs.
• Plant ? caterpillar ? bird

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Chapter 2 Section 4Respiration

• Objectives
• After completing the lesson students will be
  able to
• Describe the events that occur during respiration
• The relationship between photosynthesis and
  respiration

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Cellular ___________________

• During ____________________, cells break down
  simple food __________________ such as glucose
  and release the __________________ they contain.
• Living things need continuous supply of
  _____________, the cells of all living things
  carry out ______________________continuously.
• Dont confuse with breathing respiration
  although most cells need _________________ for
  cellular respiration. Some cells can obtain
  energy from _____________ without using
  ___________.

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Cellular Respiration

• During respiration, cells break down simple food
  molecules such as glucose and release the energy
  they contain.
• Living things need continuous supply of energy,
  the cells of all living things carry out
  respiration continuously.
• Dont confuse with breathing respiration
  although most cells need oxygen for cellular
  respiration. Some cells can obtain energy from
  glucose without using oxygen.

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Respiration ______________

• in _________________ ____________ glucose and
  ________________ are turned into carbon dioxide,
  __________, and energy in the following equation
  
• C6H12O6 6 O2 --gt 6 CO2 6 H2O energy
• ______ ______ _____ _____
  ______
• Plants and other organisms make their own
  _________________________ other organisms gain
  glucose from the food they eat. Oxygen is found
  in the air.

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Respiration Equation

• in cellular respiration glucose and oxygen are
  turned into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in
  the following equation
• C6H12O6 6 O2 --gt 6 CO2 6 H2O energy
• glucose oxygen carbon dioxide
  water
• Plants and other organisms make their own glucose
  other organisms gain glucose from the food they
  eat. Oxygen is found in the air.

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Stages of Respiration

• Stage One Takes place in the ____________________
  __. There ______________ is broken into smaller
  molecules. _________________ is not involved in
  this stage. Only a small amount of
  _____________________ is released.
• Stage Two Takes place in the ____________________
  _. The small molecules are broken down into even
  smaller molecules. These chemical reactions
  require _________, and a great deal of
  __________________ is released.
• Review Stage Two is why the mitochondria
  is called the ____________________.

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Stages of Respiration

• Stage One Takes place in the cytoplasm. There
  glucose is broken into smaller molecules.
  Oxygen is not involved in this stage. Only a
  small amount of energy is released.
• Stage Two Takes place in the mitochondria. The
  small molecules are broken down into even smaller
  molecules. These chemical reactions require
  oxygen, and a great deal of energy is released.
• Review Stage Two is why the mitochondria
  is called the powerhouse.

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Cytoplasm
Energy
Energy
Water
Glucose Enters cytoplasm
Smaller Molecules
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Mitochondria
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Handout Did you pay attention?

• Complete the handout about the Cellular
  Respiration Process.
• You have five minutes to complete the handout.
• See how much you can remember.

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Cytoplasm
Energy
Energy
Water
Glucose Enters cytoplasm
Smaller Molecules
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Mitochondria
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Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration

• Photosynthesis and respiration can be thought of
  as opposite processes.
• During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water
  are used to produce sugars and oxygen.
• During respiration, glucose (a sugar) and oxygen
  are used to produce carbon dioxide and water.
• Together, these two processes form a cycle that
  keeps the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  fairly constant in the atmosphere.

88
Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration

• ___________________ and ________________ can be
  thought of as opposite processes.
• During ____________________, carbon dioxide and
  water are used to produce sugars and oxygen.
• During ____________________, glucose (a sugar)
  and oxygen are used to produce carbon dioxide and
  water.
• Together, these two processes form a __________
  that keeps the levels of oxygen and carbon
  dioxide fairly __________________ in the
  atmosphere.

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_______________________

• Some cells are able to obtain _____________ from
  food without using ________________.
• Example, some ________________________ organisms
  live where there is no ___________, such as deep
  in the ocean or in the mud of lakes and swamps.

91
Fermentation

• Some cells are able to obtain energy from food
  without using oxygen.
• Example, some single-celled organisms live where
  there is no oxygen, such as deep in the ocean or
  in the mud of lakes and swamps.

92
Fermentation

• __________ provides _______ for cells without
  using oxygen.
• Amount of energy released during fermentation is
  ______ than the amount released during
  respiration.
• Example Kimchee (Korean Cabbage Dish)
• Named after the food they were storing, Kimchee
  huts protected food stored in earthen ware
  containers buried in the ground.

Kimchee Hut
93
Fermentation

• Fermentation provides energy for cells without
  using oxygen.
• Amount of energy released during fermentation is
  lower than the amount released during
  respiration.
• Example Kimchee (Korean Cabbage Dish)
• Named after the food they were storing, Kimchee
  huts protected food stored in earthen ware
  containers buried in the ground.

Kimchee Hut
94
_____________ Fermentation

• Occurs in ______________ and some single-celled
  organisms.
• _______________ is one product made when these
  organisms break down sugars. _______________
  _______________ and small amount of
  _______________ are other products.
• Important to ______________ and _______________.
  The carbon dioxide produced by yeast causes
  dough to rise, and creates pockets of air you see
  in bread. Carbon dioxide is also the source of
  bubbles in alcoholic drinks.

95
Alcoholic Fermentation

• Occurs in yeast and some single-celled organisms.
  
• Alcohol is one product made when these organisms
  break down sugars. Carbon dioxide and small
  amount of energy are other products.
• Important to bakers and brewers. The carbon
  dioxide produced by yeast causes dough to rise,
  and creates pockets of air you see in bread.
  Carbon dioxide is also the source of bubbles in
  alcoholic drinks.

96
_________________ Fermentation

• You can feel the effects of ___________________
  fermentation in your _______________.
• This is when your muscle cells use up the
  ________________ faster than it can be replaced.
  Because your cells lacked oxygen, they used the
  process of fermentation to produce ____________.
  
• Lactic-acid is one by-product of this type of
  fermentation. When lactic acids builds up, your
  muscles feel __________, _________, and ______.

97
Lactic-Acid Fermentation

• You can feel the effects of lactic-acid
  fermentation in your body.
• This is when your muscle cells use up the oxygen
  faster than it can be replaced. Because your
  cells lacked oxygen, they used the process of
  fermentation to produce energy.
• Lactic-acid is one by-product of this type of
  fermentation. When lactic acids builds up, your
  muscles feel weak, tired, and sore.

98
Chapter 2 Section 5Cell Division

• Objectives
• After completing the lesson students will be
  able to
• Describe the events that occur during the cell
  cycle
• Describe the events that occur during DNA
  Replication

99
Are mother and cub the same size?

• No, but the cells that make up the young cub and
  its mother are the same size!
• The adult just has many more cells in its body!

100
Cell Cycle

• The regular sequence of _________ and _________
  is known as the ______________ _____________.
• _________________ main stages of the cell cycle.
• One ______________ cell divides and forms two
  identical _______________ cells.

101
Cell Cycle

• The regular sequence of growth and division is
  known as the cell cycle.
• Three main stages of the cell cycle.
• One parent cell divides and forms two identical
  daughter cells.

102
Book Work

• Turn to pages 76 and 77 in your text book
• Complete the handout on the cell cycle by
  labeling the stages and phases of the cell cycle
• (Total of 7 blanks)
• Keep the completed handout in your binder
• You will see this again

103
Interphase Step 1

• ___________ Stage of the cell cycle is called
  ________________
• The period _________________ cell division occurs
• The cell ___________________ to its mature size,
  makes a copy of its _____________, and prepares
  to ________________ into two cells

104
Interphase Step 1

• 1st Stage of the cell cycle is called interphase
• The period before cell division occurs
• The cell grows to its mature size, makes a copy
  of its DNA, and prepares to divide into two cells

105
Mitosis Step 2

• Mitosis is the stage during which the cells
  _______________ divides into two new
  _______________. During mitosis, one copy of the
  _______________ is distributed into
  _______________ of the daughter cells.
• Four Phases of Mitosis ________________,
  _______________, ____________________, and
  ______________________.

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Mitosis Step 2

• Mitosis is the stage during which the cells
  nucleus divides into two new nuclei. During
  mitosis, one copy of the DNA is distributed into
  each of the daughter cells.
• Four Phases of Mitosis prophase, metaphase,
  anaphase, and telophase.

107
First Phase of Mitosis

• ____________ the threadlike chromatin in the
  cells nucleus begins to condense and coil.
  Since the cell ___________ has replicated, each
  _________ has doubled. Each is an ________ copy
  of the other. Scientists call each doubled rod of
  the chromatin a _______________. Each identical
  rod of the chromosome is called the
  _________________. The two strands are held
  together by the _____________________.

Centromere
Chromatids
108
First Phase of Mitosis

• Prophase the threadlike chromatin in the cells
  nucleus begins to condense and coil. Since the
  cell DNA has replicated, each rod has doubled.
  Each is an exact copy of the other. Scientists
  call each doubled rod of the chromatin a
  chromosome. Each identical rod of the chromosome
  is called the chromatid. The two strands are
  held together by the centromere.

Centromere
Chromatids
109
Cell Progresses

• As the cell progresses through ____________,
  ________________, and ________________, the
  chromatids separate from each other and move to
  opposite ends of the cell. Then two
  ______________ form around the chromatids at the
  two ends of the cell.

110
Cell Progresses

• As the cell progresses through metaphase,
  anaphase, and telophase, the chromatids separate
  from each other and move to opposite ends of the
  cell. Then two nuclei form around the
  chromatids at the two ends of the cell.

111
Cytokinesis Stage 3

• Final stage is called ___________________
  completes the process of cell division
• During _____________, the _____________ divides,
  distributing the ________________ into each of
  the two new cells. (usually starts at the same
  time as _______________.)

112
Cytokinesis Stage 3

• Final stage is called cytokinesis completes the
  process of cell division
• During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides,
  distributing the organelles into each of the two
  new cells. (usually starts at the same time as
  telophase.)

113
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

• The cell _______________ squeezes together around
  the middle of the _____________.
• The _________________ pinches into two cells with
  about half of the _______________ in each
  daughter cell.

114
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

• The cell membrane squeezes together around the
  middle of the cell.
• The cytoplasm pinches into two cells with about
  half of the organelles in each daughter cell.

115
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

• A plant cells __________ cell wall ________
  squeeze together like ________________ can.
• A structure called a _______ _________ forms
  across the middle of the cell. The plate
  gradually _________ into new cell _________
  between the two daughter cells. New _________
  ______________ then form around the cell
  membranes.

116
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

• A plant cells rigid cell wall cannot squeeze
  together like membrane can.
• A structure called a cell plate forms across the
  middle of the cell. The plate gradually
  develops into new cell membranes between the two
  daughter cells. New cell walls then form around
  the cell membranes.

117
The End or the Beginning?

• __________ new cells have formed.
• Each daughter cell has the same number of
  ______________ as the original ____________ cell.
• At the end of __________________, each cell enter
  _______________, and the cycle begins again.

118
The End or the Beginning?

• Two new cells have formed.
• Each daughter cell has the same number of
  chromosomes as the original parent cell.
• At the end of cytokinesis, each cell enter
  interphase, and the cycle begins again.

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120

• Video on cell cycle

121
Length of Cell Cycle

• Depends on the _______________ of cell
• Example _________ ____________ cell cycle takes
  about ______ hours while a ________________
  ___________ cell cycles takes about _______
  hours.
• Some cells, such as the ________ _________ cells,
  never divide they remain in the first part of
  _______________ for as long as they live.

122
Length of Cell Cycle

• Depends on the type of cell
• Example Sea Urchin cell cycle takes about 2
  hours while a human liver cell cycles takes about
  22 hours.
• Some cells, such as the human brain cells, never
  divide they remain in the first part of
  interphase for as long as they live.

123
DNA Replication

• A cell makes a copy of its DNA before
  _______________ occurs. DNA replication ensures
  that each _______________ cell will have all of
  the ______________ information it needs to carry
  out its _______________.

124
DNA Replication

• A cell makes a copy of its DNA before mitosis
  occurs. DNA replication ensures that each
  daughter cell will have all of the genetic
  information it needs to carry out its activities.

125
DNA Structure

• Looks like a twisted _______________ often
  called a _____________ ________________. (A
  __________ is a shape that twists like the
  threads of a screw.)
• The two sides of the DNA _____________ are made
  up of _____________ and ____________ molecules.

126
DNA Structure

• Looks like a twisted ladder often called a
  double helix. (A helix is a shape that twists
  like the threads of a screw.)
• The two sides of the DNA ladder are made up of
  sugar and phosphate molecules.

127
DNA Structure

• Each rung of the DNA ladder is made up of a pair
  of molecules called __________ __________.
  ___________ __________ are molecules that contain
  the element ___________ and other elements.
• There are four kinds of nitrogen bases ________,
  __________, _________, and ______________.

128
DNA Structure

• Each rung of the DNA ladder is made up of a pair
  of molecules called nitrogen bases. Nitrogen
  bases are molecules that contain the element
  nitrogen and other elements.
• There are four kinds of nitrogen bases adenine,
  thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

129
DNA Structure

• The capital letters _____, T, _______, and C are
  used to represent the four bases.
• Notice that the bases on one side of the ladder
  match up in a ___________ way with the bases on
  the other side.
• _______________ (A) only pairs with thymine
  (_____), while guanine (_____) only pairs with
  __________ (C).

130
DNA Structure

• The capital letters A, T, G, and C are used to
  represent the four bases.
• Notice that the bases on one side of the ladder
  match up in a specific way with the bases on the
  other side.
• Adenine (A) only pairs with thymine (T), while
  guanine (G) only pairs with cytosine (C).

131
The Replication Process

• DNA replication begins when the two sides of the
  DNA molecules ________ and ____________, like a
  __________ __________.
• The molecule __________ between the paired
  _________ __________ on each rung.

132
The Replication Process

• DNA replication begins when the two sides of the
  DNA molecules unwind and separate, like a zipper
  unzipping.
• The molecule separates between the paired
  nitrogen bases on each rung.

133
The Replication Process

• Next, nitrogen bases that are floating in the
  _____________ pair up with the bases on each half
  of the DNA molecule.
• Remember _______________ always follows the rule
  ____ with T and G with _____
• Once the new _____________ are attached, two new
  DNA molecules are _________. The order of the
  bases in each new molecule will ___________
  ____________ the order in the original DNA
  molecule.

134
The Replication Process

• Next, nitrogen bases that are floating in the
  nucleus pair up with the bases on each half of
  the DNA molecule.
• Remember pairing always follows the rule A with
  T and G with C
• Once the new bases are attached, two new DNA
  molecules are formed. The order of the bases in
  each new molecule will exactly match the order in
  the original DNA molecule.

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