RESOURCES FROM EARTH

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RESOURCES FROMEARTHS WATERS

• OCEANS, BAYS, LAKES,RIVERS PONDS, STREAMS ETC.

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WORLD POPULATION
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How Much of Our Food Supply Comes from Earths
Water

• 1 of food comes from the sea
• Earths Waters Supply 10 of the protein consumed
  by humans

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Kinds of Food From Earths Waters

• Finfish make up 85 of world catch followed by
  shellfish (mollusk and crustaceans)
• Finfish come from - 86 ocean, 14
  freshwater
• Shellfish- 15 mostly from the ocean

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Kinds of Food From Earths Water contd

• Freshwater fisheris comprise 18 of the global
  catch, and it is growing!
• Seafood accounts for 15 of the total animal
  protein consumed worldwide!!
• (a very large number considering only1 of food
  comes from the sea/rivers/lakes.

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Types of Fish and Shellfish

• Benthic and Demersal live at or near the
  bottom of the sea in COLD Waters (ex. Flounder,
  lobsters, crabs, whiting)
• Clupeoid live in schools near surface on
  continental shelf ex. Herrings (sardines),
  Menhaden, Shads
• Pelagic Open water fish (ex. Squid, Tuna,
  Swordfish)

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Benthic Fish KING CRAB

• Live at or near the
• bottom of the sea

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COLD WATER DEMERSAL FISH

• Live near or around the bottom of the continental
  shelf
• Examples
• Cod, Pollack, haddock, hakes, whiting
• Caught in trawls

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COD
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WHITING
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POLLACK
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Benthic Fish

• Flounder
• Flat fish
• Eyes on one side
• Camouflage to
• match color of
• the sand

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Benthic Fishing Techniques

• Caught with trawls-dragged along the bottom of
  the sea. TRAWLING

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FISHING TECHNIQUES

• TRAWLING

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Cod Fishery-Threatened!!

• 1992-Grand Banks placed moratorium (ended) the
  cod fishery to save them from extinction.
• 1994-Georges Bank fishery off New England closed
  their operations also.
• Experts predict the cod will NEVER recover!!!

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CLUPEOID FISH

• SARDINES travel in schools near the surface
  along continental shelf

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CONTINENTAL SHELF
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CLUPEOID FISH

• Sardines, shad, herring, menhaden etc.
• Live in schools
• Found over continental shelf
• Caught using purse seines
• Eaten fresh, canned or pickled
• Ground into fish flour or Fish Protein Concentrate

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Fishing TechniquesPurse Seine Nets
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FISHING TECHNIQUES

• PURSE SEINE

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CLUPEOID FISH

• Used to produce fish oil
• Used to make fish meal for poultry feed
• Used to make fertilizer
• Industrial catches may result in overfishing
  because they naturally fluctuate in population
  and fisherman are unaware of their low cycles
• 1940s sardine fishery collapsed

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Purse Seine Catches
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CLUPEOID FISH

• HERRINGS

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CLUPEOID FISH

• MENHADEN

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Sardines and Anchovies
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PELAGIC FISH

• Open Water Fish
• Billfish (Striped marlin, Blue marlin, Black
  marlin Sailfish, Swordfish)
• Tuna (Yellowfin, Skipjack, Bonito)
• Jacks (Yellowtail, Amberjack)
• Dolphinfish (Dorado)
• Mako shark

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Tuna
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TUNA

• Skipjack, yellow fin, big eye, albacore, blue
  fin
• Eaten raw in sashami
• Caught in gill nets, large sienes and long lines
• Blue fin can sell for up to 350.00 a pound
• Tuna population is down 10
• Fish nations would not declare it an endangered
  species, but in 1995 agreed to restrict catches
  to 50 of current catches

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Fishing Techniques-Pelagic Fish

• Pelagic Fish are caught using large seines,
  surface longlines and gill nets.

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COMMERCIAL FISHINGIN THE PAST

• Early fishing methods

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FISHING TECHNIQUES
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FISHING TECHNIQUES

• LONG LINES-Pelagic Fish

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LONG LINES-Pelagic Fish
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FISH NET
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GILL NET-Benthic/Demersal Fish
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Marlin
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SKIPJACK TUNA
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Blue Fin Tuna
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YELLOW FIN TUNA
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YELLOWFIN TUNA
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ALBACORE TUNA
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SWORDFISH

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MAKO SHARK

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FINNING

• Many sharks
• Are caught and
• Killed ONLY
• For their fins!!
• Then thrown
• Back into the
• Water to drown/die at sea.
• Fins sold to China for Shark Fin Soup ?

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HW-Textbook pages 355-377Questions on Resources
from the Sea Chapter.
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Total Marine Catches from 1990 to 1995
Total Marine Catches (million tons) 1990 (million tons) 1995
Fishes 69.36 73.07
Mollusks 7.73 10.61
Crustaceans 4.50 5.65
TOTALS 97.97 112.91
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MOLLUSK

• Second to finfish, mollusks are the most valuable
  food source
• Mollusks-Soft-body protected by a calcium
  carbonate shell.
• Largest catches include clams, scallops mussels,
  oysters, abalone, squid, and octopus

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MOLLUSKS
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Fishing for Mollusks

• Shellfish-clams, oysters, scallops are caught
  using a scallop dredge or traps sitting on the
  seafloor.

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SCALLOP DREDGE
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Pink Spiny Lobster
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LOBSTERS, CRABS AND SHRIMP
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CRUSTACEANS

• Crabs
• Lobster
• Shrimp
• Caught in traps and trawls that are dragged along
  the seafloor.

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LOBSTER TRAP
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LOBSTER IN TRAP

• Lobster and Crab Fishing Today

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SEAWEED

• Varieties of freshwater and marine algae are
  popular as a food source in the far east
• Often used in sushi, sashimi, and soup

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SEAWEEDS

• Seaweed is used in many cultures. It can be
  consumed raw, cooked, dried. Contains substantial
  amounts of protein

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SEA URCHIN (UNI)

• Roe (eggs and organs that make the eggs) demands
  an incredibly high price in Japan

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Caviar

• Caviar is an expensive delicacy consisting of the
  unfertilized eggs (roe) of sturgeon brined with a
  salt solution .

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STURGEON
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SEA CUCUMBERS

• Called TREPANG OR BECHE-DE-MER are dried, smoked,
  or eaten raw in orient

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JELLIES

• Jellies are dried and eaten in China

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POLYCHEATE WORMS

• Eaten in South Pacific

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Lab-Medicines from the Sea p.176
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SEA TURTLES

• Sea Turtles and their eggs are eaten wherever
  found

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SEALS AND WHALES

• Still eaten, particularly in Arctic, West Indies,
  and South Pacific

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MINKE WHALES
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BELUGA WHALES
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NEW YORK STATESENDANGERED FISH SPECIES

• Shortnose Sturgeon   
• Silver Chub  
•  Pugnose Shiner 
•   Round Whitefish  
•  Bluebreast Darter   
• Gilt Darter   
• Spoonhead Sculpin   
• Deepwater Sculpin   

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How Much Fishing is Too Much?

• Optimal Catch vs. Over-fishing
• Renewable Resources are composed of living
  organisms that can reproduce and replace
  individuals lost to disease and predators
  including humans.
• Nonrenewable resources would not be replaced
  naturally and would include oil and minerals.

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Over-Fishing

• Catch them faster than they reproduce.
• A population of fishes are over-fished and the
  stock ( size of population) is reduced to a level
  which can still reproduce successfully, fisheries
  will cease to exist for a short time, then
  rebound.

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Successful Reproduction

• Depends on a Proper Stocking
• Too many organisms lead to overcrowding,
  excessive competition, and depletion of food
  resources.
• Too few organisms produce too few young to
  maintain a proper self-sustaining stock.
• Fish do best when there are not too many and not
  too few. OPTIMAL

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MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELD

• The amount of fish that can be caught and just
  balance the growth of the population.
• Catch just enough fish to prevent population
  growth, but not enough to reduce the population.

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Maximum Sustainable Yield Graph
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PROBLEMS WITH MAINTAINING MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE
YIELD

• Fisheries strive to exceed maximal sustainable
  yield or optimal catch.
• Overfishing has already affected almost all
  commercial fisheries.
• Stocks of cod, haddock, herring, halibut, shark,
  and wild salmon are in danger.
• Fish stocks are damaged by pollution from oil
  spills, sewage, and toxic chemicals.

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Problems Determining Maximum Sustainable Yield

• Not easy to determine
• Variation caused by catching fish when they are
  too young or catching them before or after
  breeding season may make all the difference.
• No exact science about regulating stocks of fish

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Problems from the PastSardines

• 1940-Pacific Sardine fishery collapsed due to
  heavy fishing that coincided with a low point in
  their reproductive cycle.

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Problems of TodayBluefin Tuna

• Tunas-Northern bluefin tuna one of the largest
  bony fish is very valuable. Their popluation is
  down to less than 10 of their former numbers in
  the Western Atlantic.
• Nations are slow to respond, refusing to list it
  as endangered.
• 1995-Agreed to reduce catch limits by 1/2

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Problems of TodaySwordfish

• Swordfish-Close to commercial extinction.
• Stocks fallen 70 since 1960.
• 88 of swordfish caught in 1995 were too young to
  reproduce!!!

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Other Threats

• Pollution
• Oil spills
• Sewage overflow
• Toxic Chemicals
• Fertilizer/pesticide runoff into oceans/lakes
• Habitat loss
• Destruction of breeding grounds

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Possible Remedies

• Set fishing limits below what we think is the
  optimal catch
• Limit the length of fishing season
• Restricting the size or number of boats
• Regulating the size and the sex of fish caught
• Certain methods of fishing can be eliminated (ex.
  Trawls) or size of nets

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MORE REMEDIES

• Control the areas of the sea to be fished
• Safe fish farming

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Fishing and Life

• Many people are effected by the success or
  failure of fisheries
• Cannery
• Dock workers
• Boating and fishing gear industries
• Bankers
• Fisherman
• Local businesses

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Regulations

• 1989 United Nations Convention on the Law of the
  Sea established a 200 nautical mile ( 1 nm 1.15
  miles) exclusive economic zone. (EEZ)
• Within this zone each country controls fishing,
  oil, and mineral resources.

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New Fisheries

• Create a market to use junk fish or Bycatch
  such as Alaskan Pollack, Monkfish, Croakers, and
  Sea Robins will be consumed. They are presently
  used to make fish flour, fish sticks and enrich
  processed food.

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Industrial Fisheries

• Catch is used for purposes other than human
  consumption (fish oil, margarine, paint, pet
  food, fertilizer)
• Industrial fisheries account for over 1/3 worlds
  total fish.
• Most clupeoid fish are used for FPC or fish flour.

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AquacultureFish Farming

• Can reduce pressure on the oceans for protein
• It is the commercial breeding and raising of fish
  for human consumption.
• Chinese have farmed freshwater fish for thousands
  of years
• Romans have raised oysters
• Videos\Aquaculture safer method.asf

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Fish Farm
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Catfish Farming
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Fish Farming Benefits

• Provide a plentiful inexpensive source of food
  specifically protein for a large population
• Easier and can be less expensive than catching
  wild fish
• May help prevent extinction of some species

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Limitations and Problems with Fish Farming

• Only a small number of fish species can be farm
  raised
• Clupeoid fishes need open ocean spaces and would
  not survive on a farm
• Parasites and diseases are a concern
• Cannibalism
• Need expensive filters and pools free of pollution

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Limitations and Problems of Fish Farming

• Use of artificial feed sources (ex. Chicken feed
  or Junk Fish)
• Concentration of Carcinogens (ex. PCP ) in some
  populations.
• Effect on local environment

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Salmon Farming

• Hatch in freshwater habitats from 0-18months
• At 18months they are moved offshore into pens in
  the ocean. Stimulates normal lifecycle.

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Salmon Farming-Problems

• Waste concentrates and builds up in surrounding
  water.
• Disease spread quickly and easily to other fish
  and fish that are not in the pen.
• Chemicals given to salmon (antibiotics) may
  affect humans.
• Farmed salmon have higher levels of PCB, toxic to
  humans!

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Salmon Farming Problems

• Sea lice-parasites on fish

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Video Clips

• Videos\Fish_Farms.asf
• Videos\Fish_Farming_.asf