THE BIG 4

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"THE BIG 4" MACROMOLECULES
There are four classes of biological
macromolecules Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
and nucleic acids
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Before you can understand the topics in this unit
there are some key vocabulary terms you need to
know.
Macromolecule Polymer Monomer
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What is a
MACROMOLECULE
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What do these words mean?
Micro
MACRO
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So What Is A Macromolecule?
A very large molecule, such as a polymer or
protein, consisting of many smaller structural
units linked together. Also called supermolecule.
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BiologicalMacromolecule
All biological macro-molecule are made up of a
small number of elements Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur
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Next Word..
Polymer
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"Poly"
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
Means...
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MANY
POLY means
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What does Mono mean?
1
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A Polymer
One polymer is made up of many repeating monomers
kind of like
EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER
A TRAIN ?
A NECKLACE ?
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be
the small groups that make up the train? If the
necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers
that make up the necklace?
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A Polymer
One polymer is made up of many repeating monomers
kind of like
EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER
A TRAIN THE CARS
A NECKLACE EACH PEARL
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be
the small groups that make up the train? If the
necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers
that make up the necklace?
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A Polymer
One polymer is made up of many repeating monomers
kind of like
EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER
A TRAIN THE CARS
A NECKLACE EACH PEARL
Now You need to think of your own analogy of a
polymer (and write it
down)
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Now we are ready to begin our study of...
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The Big Four
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Three out of the 4 types of biochemical
macromolecules can be found on food nutrition
labels
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Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4
macromolecules can be found in foods.

• The 3 biochemical molecules
• found on a nutrition label are

FAT
1____________________ 2____________________ 3___
_________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)
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What is the fourth type of biochemical
macromolecule?
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The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are
the NUCLEIC ACIDS

• The types of Nucleic Acids
• DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
• RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

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Polymer NUCLEIC ACIDSMonomer Nucleotides

• RNA and DNA are made up of many nucleotides that
  look like this

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Polymer NUCLEIC ACIDSMonomer Nucleotides

• DNA and RNA are used to store and pass on genetic
  information
• Our genes are found on DNA

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When studying these biochemical molecules, we
are interested in finding out..

• what they do for living things.
• what they generally look like.
• what their monomers are.
• and how they may help the body gain energy to
  sustain life.

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Keep the following in mind when studying this
material
Nucleic Acids What they look
like Carbohydrates What they do/Where are
they Lipids What are they made up
of- at the level of atoms Proteins
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LETS BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES
WHAT DO THEY DO?

• They are the main source for the body to gain
  energy. They are our fuel!
• They make up the cell wall in plants which allow
  them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a
  plant would be a mushy mess! This type of
  carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
• THINK CARBS ENERGY and CELL WALLS

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CARBOHYDRATES
Monomers
Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of
monomers called simple sugars or
monosaccharides The most common monomer of
carbohydrates is
GLUCOSE
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The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring
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CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

• In plant foods- (in the cell walls of plants ---
  in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans,
• SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR!
• (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)
• In animal products- in MILK

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CARBOHYDRATES
TYPES
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Simple
Complex
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Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2
monomers. They also taste sweet.
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Simple Sugars
COOKIES and CANDY
CAKES
FRUITS
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Complex CarbohydratesWhat are they?
Complex Cabohydrates are polymers made up of many
monomers. Most also taste starchy.
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Complex Carbohydrates
WHOLE GRAINS
FIBER
STARCHES
BREADS
PASTAS
VEGETABLES
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CARBOHYDRATES
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK CHO
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NOW ONTO PROTEINS
WHAT DO THEY DO?

• They are the major structural molecules in living
  things for growth and repair muscles,
  ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nailsIN
  FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
• They make up enzymes to help speed up chemical
  reactions

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MORE ON PROTEINS
The following slides give you a little more in
depth info on things that are made of proteins
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Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones
Without these particular structural proteins, we
would look more like this.
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Well, maybe not exactly
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Hair, Skin, and Nails
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Microscope View ofSkin and Nails
This is skin
This is a nail
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Cell Membrane
The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell
so it doesnt leak out. It is kind of like the
balloon in a water balloon.
The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND
lipids.
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Antibodies are part of the immune system. When
something enters the body that isnt supposed to
be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find
the invader and stick themselves onto it. When
a white blood cell finds the invader covered
with antibodies, it knows it doesnt belong there
and kills it.
Antibodies
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Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical
reactions. If you didnt have enzymes in your
stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot
in your stomach because it would take so long!
Enzymes
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Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are in
one place in the body and then put into the blood
to be used in another.
HORMONES
These are where the hormone producing glands are
located in your body.
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The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck,
by your voice box. Here is a picture of those
cells secreting the thyroid hormone.
(The yellow stuff is thyroid hormone)
Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses
energy.
If you have an over active thyroid, you use
energy quickly and tend to be very thin and have
a hard time putting on weight.
If you have an under active thyroid gland, you
use energy very slowly and tend to carry more
body fat and have a difficult time losing it.
Dont be quick to think you have a thyroid
problem if you are overweight, chances are its
actually your eating and exercise habits!
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PROTEINS
Monomers
Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made
of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer
AMINO ACID
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The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece
of string
Amino Acid chain All wound up
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PROTEINS
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

• In plant foods- in the cell membranes
• In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the
  muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish

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Proteins
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Proteins
Aside from the protein found in animal
sourcesprotein can also be found in fruits,
vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not
have as many amino acids)
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PROTEINS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each protein is made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen and
sometimes Sulfur
THINK CHONS
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LIPIDS ARE NEXT
WHAT DO THEY DO?

• They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we
  have it in the future.
• They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body
  temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs
  for protection.
• They produce hormones for the body called
  STERIODS
• They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and
  fruits- these are waxes!
• THINK Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy,
  cushion WISE C

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LIPIDS
Monomers
Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers.
The monomer of lipids is
Fatty Acids
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Triglycerides are fatty acids connected by a
glycerol moleculeThe Shape of a triglyceride is
like the letter
E
This is a triglyceride molecule
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LIPIPSSome interesting info
Waterproofing...

• Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying
  out.
• The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat
  the leaves.
• Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign
  particles from going deeper into the ear and
  causing damage.
• Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in
  the hive

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LIPIPSSome interesting info
Steriods...
There are many different types of steroids. They
are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some
common steroids are SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC
STERIODS CHOLESTEROL
They increase muscle
Like testosterone and estrogen
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LIPIPSSome interesting info
NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE
GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE GOOD. THE
ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD.
Some anabolic steroids are illegal
Steriods...
And can be dangerous and very unhealthy
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LIPIDS
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?

• In plants- in the seeds
• --------------------------------------------------
  -
• In animals- in adipose (fat) tissue, connective
  tissue, in animals
• --------------------------------------------------
  -
• Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.

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Fats, Oils, and Waxes are all LIPIDS
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Fats can beSaturated solid, unhealthy like
lard or butterorUnsaturated liquid, healthier
like vegetable oils
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LIPIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK CHO
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OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?
You might have noticed that both carbohydrates
and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen,
and Oxygen. CHO A carbohydrate, has twice as
many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen
atoms. EX C6H12O6 (This is a carb there are
double the number of H compared to O) On the
other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the
amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen
atoms. EX C27H46O cholesterol
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Simple tests can detect the presence of proteins,
lipids and carbohydrates in given samples (i.e.
various food items)
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Testing for carbohydrates

• Lugol's reagent (iodine solution)
• Benedict's solution

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Testing for the presence of starch (complex sugar)
Lugol's reagent (iodine solution) changes from
yellowish-brown to dark purple/black.
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Testing for simple carbohydrates
Benedict's solution is used to test for simple
carbohydrates. Benedict's solution is a blue
colored liquid that contains copper ions.
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Testing for simple carbohydrates
When Benedict's solution and simple carbohydrates
are heated, the solution changes to orange red/
brick red.
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Testing for lipids

• Grease spot test/Brown paper test
• Sudan Red test

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Brown paper test for lipids
As we all know from experience, lipids leave
translucent spots (grease spots) on unglazed
brown paper bags.
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Sudan Red test for lipids
Sudan red is a fat-soluble dye that stains lipids
red. Using Sudan red can show the amount and the
location of lipids.
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Testing for proteins Buiret test
Buiret solution is a blue liquid that changes to
purple when proteins are present and to pink in
the presence of short chains of polypeptides. The
copper atom of the biuret solution reacts with
the peptide bonds to cause the color change.
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Testing for proteins Buiret test