Principles of Animal Diseases

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Principles of Animal Diseases

• Objective C Animal Management
• Animal Science II AA 22

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Non-Infectious Disease Causes

• Faulty Nutrition
• Ration is not balanced correctly
• Metabolic Disorder
• Not adequately digested
• Trauma
• Wounds or injuries

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Faulty Nutrition Examples

• Bloat
• Rapid fermentation (breakdown of carbohydrates by
  enzymes) to much gas.
• Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema
• Feedlot problem panting, coughing, difficulty
  breathing
• Fescue Foot
• Pasture problem cattle grazing in a fescue
  pasture, the animal shifting from one hind foot
  to the other, sometimes with one in the air.
• Enterotoxemia (Overeating Disease)
• Affects cattle/sheep on high-concentrate rations.
  Animal may die in 1 to 24 hours.
• Founder
• Feedlot problem Swelling of tissue that attaches
  the hoof to the foot.

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Metabolic Disorder Examples

• Grass Tetany
• Most often affects cows that are lactating, it is
  caused by a lack of magnesium.
• Hardware Disease
• Animal swallows metal objects that rupture the
  reticulum wall of the ruminant stomach.
• Nitrate Poisoning
• Caused by the animal eating or drinking a product
  that has too much nitrogen in it.
• Poisonous Plants
• Animal eating a poisonous plant in a graze land
  setting

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Metabolic Disorder Examples

• Rumentitis (Liver Abscess Complex)
• Cattle on a high-concentrate rations. The soil
  and manure content levels plays a factor in the
  prevalence of this problem.
• White Muscle (Selenium Deficiency)
• Common where the soil is lacking in selenium.
  The muscle turns a white color.

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Examples

• Fescue Foot

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Examples

• White Muscle

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Examples

• Trauma

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Non-Infectious Disease Causes

• Toxic substances poisonous plants materials such
  as chemical, plants, snakes and spiders.
• Congenital defects birth defects

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Cattle

• Normal temperature 101.5 F or 38.6 C
• Pulse rate 60-70 heartbeats per minute
• Respiration rate 10-30 breaths per minute

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Cattle Diseases

• Brucellosis Causes abortion during last half of
  pregnancy, afterbirth retention or sterility. It
  is a microorganism. Cattle that have brucellosis
  must be slaughtered and disposed of properly.
  Prevent by vaccinating breeding females, testing
  animals and purchasing from brucellosis free
  producers.

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Treatment

• There is no cure for brucellosis. Prevention is
  the best method. Buying replacement cattle from
  a registered brucellosis-free herds.
• We use 9-way

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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

• Chronic degenerative disease that affects the
  central nervous system of cattle.
• Affects the following animals
• Cattle, Deer, Elk, Cats, Sheep, Goats, Mink
• Affects humans in the following forms
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
• Fatal Familial Insomnia
• Kuru
• Gertsmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome

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Treatment

• No known cure. It is known that the incubation
  period is 2-8 years in an infected animal. It is
  also suspected that it cannot be transmitted to
  humans.

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BSE
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Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)

• Is a common disease throughout the U.S.. The
  disease is appears as mild, acute, and chronic.
  BVD is spread by contact and it may be carried on
  a persons shoes going from one herd to another.
  There is no-cure.

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BVD
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Treatment

• Use a vaccination 1-3 weeks before weaning.
  Pregnant cows should never be vaccinated.
• We use 9-Way to prevent this disease

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Blackleg

• Is a disease caused by bacteria that grow only in
  the absence of oxygen, usually grown in deep
  wounds. Can live in the soil. Young cattle are
  more susceptible then older cattle. Sudden death,
  lameness, swollen muscles and high fever are some
  symptoms.

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Treatment

• Massive doses of antibiotics and only if caught
  early enough. Prevention is the key.

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Scours

• Found in young cattle. Calves older than 2
  months rarely get it. Sanitation is the key to
  preventing this disease. It is very important
  for the young calves to drink colostrum.

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Treatment

• Antibiotics and sulfa drugs. As stated before
  sanitation is the best prevention method.

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Leptospirosis

• Usually caused by infected animal urinating on a
  feed source. Normal transmission of the disease
  is from hogs to cattle and cattle to hogs.
  Sanitation is a good preventive measure. Keeping
  hogs away from cattle is another measure.

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Treatment

• Vaccination schedule is a must. There are 5
  strains of this disease. High doses of
  antibiotics is given when the symptoms appear.
  The females seem to recover and can be used for
  reproduction purposes after recovery.

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Listeriosis

• Caused by a germ. Is spread from animal to
  animal by contaminated feed and water. Sometimes
  caused by breeding. The symptoms will show 4-14
  days before death.

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Treatment

• There is no vaccine for this disease. Sanitation
  is the best control method.

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Lumpy Jaw

• Is a chronic disease and seldom causes the animal
  to die but it is an economic loss because the
  affected body parts are condemned.

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Treatment

• Surgical operation by a veterinarian to loosen
  jaw bones. To prevent lumpy jaw ensure that there
  is no metal objects inside the hay.

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Pinkeye

• Is a disease carried by insects that affects the
  eye of cattle. Can cause blindness if left
  untreated.

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Treatment

• Move animal into a dark area.
• High doses of antibiotics and sulfa drugs to the
  affected areas.
• 9-way prevents

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Shipping Fever

• Complex with many symptoms such as closed eyes,
  fever, coughing, diarrhea, or discharge from the
  nose and is more common in young cattle during
  times of stress such as shipping.

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Treatment

• High doses of antibiotics and sulfa drugs.
• 9 way

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Mastitis

• Bacterial infection that causes inflammation in
  mammary glands. More common in dairy industry.
  Prevent through sanitation and proper milking
  procedures.

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Trichomoniasis

• A venereal disease spread among cattle.
• Affects the bulls gentiles but does not show
  signs of the disease. It is spread directly to
  the females that show the symptoms. The females
  can spread it to the bulls if they are not
  infected.
• It can be spread by artificial insemination if
  using infected semen.

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Trichomoniasis

• No treatment for the bulls-send to slaughter.
• No vaccination for this disease.
• 9 way

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Campylobacteriosis or Vibriosis

• This disease effects the intestinal and venereal
  form.
• It leads to infertility and abortions.
• The intestinal form has little effect on cattle.

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Campylobacteriosis or Vibriosis

• Keep infected bulls from breeding.
• Can cause a drop in fertility by 40.
• Vaccinate 30 days prior to breeding season.
• 9 way

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Swine

• Normal temperature 102.6 F or 39.2 C
• Pulse rate 60-80 heartbeats per minute
• Respiration 8-13 breaths per minute

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Clostridial Diarrhea

• Same disease that causes necrotic enteritis in
  poultry.
• It affects the intestinal lining of young
  piglets.
• Death occurs within a day and a half after the
  symptoms occur. It mimics scours.
• Antibiotics are given to the sow before farrowing
  and nursing begins.

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Clostridial Diarrhea
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Exudative Epidermitis (Greasy Pig Disease)

• Caused by a common bacterium that lives on the
  skin of the animal. It enters the animals body
  through broken skin.
• Reddish areas that appear around the eyes, behind
  the ears, or under the legs.

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Greasy Pig Disease
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Treatment

• Antibiotics in the early stages.
• Later was with mild soap and water 3 to 4 times a
  day.
• Control lice and manage the sanitation

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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
(PRRS)

• Prevention is the best method of controlling
  disease. There is no effective treatment.
• Viral disease that causes the following
• Symptoms include the following
• Late term fetal death
• Abortion
• Weak pigs
• Respiratory problems

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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
(PRRS)
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Treatment

• Following good management practices to control
  disease will help reduce the incidence of PRRS in
  a producers herd.

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Pseudorabies

• Caused by a virus that has symptoms of fever,
  vomiting, convulsions, tremors, and causes sudden
  death in young pigs within 24 hours of the
  appearance of the symptoms.

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Pseudorabies
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Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)

• Caused by a very contagious virus that has the
  symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, with white,
  yellow, and green feces. It kills almost 100 of
  the baby pigs infected.
• There is no cure for the disease.
• Drugs and vaccines are not effective in
  controlling and treating TGE

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Transmissible Gastroenteritis
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Mycoplasmal Pneumonia

• Chronic disease that causes coughing in young
  pigs. Reduces feed intake and causes reduced
  gains. Death loss is low. Prevention includes
  vaccination and sanitation.

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Other Swine Diseases

• There are many other swine diseases
• Cholera (Now eradicated in the US)
• Swine Dysentery (scours) bacterial disease,
  recommended treatment is the use of one of the
  several recommended drugs in te drinking water
• Leptospirosis
• MMA
• Mycoplasmal pneumonia
• SMEDI
• (Stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death,
  infertility)

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Nutritional Problems with Pigs

• Anemia Is a condition with a lack of iron in the
  diet.
• Hypoglycemia Is a condition with a lack of sugar
  in the diet.
• Shivering, weakness, unsteady gait, dullness, and
  loss of appetite.

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Nutritional Problems with Pigs Continued

• Parakeratosis lack of zinc in the diet.
• Ricketts lack of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin
  D in the diet.

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Poultry Diseases
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Aortic Rupture

• An artery in male turkeys between the age of 8 to
  20 weeks. The artery ruptures and the young toms
  bleed to death internally.
• The exact cause is unknown.
• Treatment
• Prevented by feeding a lower-energy diet and by
  using a continuous feeding of tranquilizers at a
  low level.

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Aortic Rupture
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Avian Pox (Fowl Pox)

• Is caused by a virus and has symptoms of yellow
  cankers in the mouth and eyes, scabs around the
  head.
• Symptoms also include reduced weight gain and egg
  production.
• Treatment is prevented by vaccinations
• No treatment in acute cases

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Blackhead

• Is caused by a protozoan parasite. It affects
  both chickens and turkeys but serious in
  turkeys.
• Symptoms
• Droopiness, darkening of the head, yellow
  diarrhea.
• Treatment
• Brooding on wire or slatted floors
• Never house these birds together
• Low level antibiotic feed continuously through
  the water supply

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Bluecomb

• Is caused by a virus that affects all ages of
  turkeys.
• Symptoms
• Droopiness, dehydration, gaseous, diarrhea
• Treatment
• Sanitation
• Antibiotics and molasses in at low levels
  continuously in the water supply.

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Bluecomb
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Botulism (Food Poisoning)

• Is a result of the bird eating decaying material
  that contains the toxin (bacteria).
• Symptoms
• Weakness, trembling, paralysis, closed eyes
• Treatment
• Water supply must be clean
• Antitoxins may assist in saving birds if they are
  isolated away from the flock.

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Newcastle Disease

• Is caused by a virus and the symptoms include the
  following
• Gasping for air
• Sneezing
• Breathing difficulties
• Tremors
• Paralysis

• Treatment
• Sanitation and vaccination program is the key.
• There is no cure for the disease.

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Newcastle
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Coccidiosis

• Caused by protozoan parasites and has symptoms of
  bloody diarrhea, weight loss, and droopiness.
• Affects numerous livestock species
• Affects birds 3-8 weeks of age
• Treat and prevent with drugs called coccidiostats

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Aspergillosis (Brooder Pneumonia)

• Caused by fungus or mold and includes symptoms of
  loss of appetite, gasping, sleepiness,
  convulsions and death
• Prevented by using mold free litter
• No effective treatment

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Other Poultry Diseases

• Cholera
• Erysipelas
• Affects turkeys 4-7 months. First symptoms are a
  few dead birds in the flock.

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Sheep and Goats

• Normal temperature 100.9-103.9 F Sheep
• Normal temperature 101.7-105.3 F Goats
• Pulse rate 70-80 beats per minute
• Respiration rate 12-20 breaths per minute

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Blue Tongue

• Mainly a Western U.S. disease, which affects the
  tongue of sheep and goats.
• Symptoms
• Blue tongue, which causes a lack of appetite
• Treatment vaccinate at the time of shearing and
  lambs at 3 ½ months of age. No treatment or cure.

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Blue Tongue
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Scrapie

• Affects the central nervous system. It is a
  brain disease also known as Transmissible
  Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE)
• Early symptoms
• Change in behavior
• Scratching or rubbing against fixed objects
• There is no treatment and no cure

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Scrapie
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Foot Rot

• Extremely contagious bacterial disease that
  causes lameness
• Weight loss due to limited mobility is a major
  concern
• Treat with a footbath solution
• Prevention includes sanitation and regular hoof
  trimming. This disease found in all livestock
  animals.

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Sore Mouth

• Zoonotic disease
• Prevented by vaccination

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Other Sheep and Goat Diseases

• Foot Scald
• Bumblefoot
• Lamb dysentery
• Mastitis
• Naval
• Vibriosis
• Tetanus

• Nutritional Problems
• Impaction
• Constipation and Pinning
• Milk Fever (Calcium)
• Night Blindness
• Ketosis (Pregnancy)
• Twins or triplets growing to fast for the mother
  in the last trimester. Use glycol shot 4 x daily.

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Treatments

• Prevention is the best way to control disease.
• Vaccination Schedule
• New feeder cattle should be vaccinated as soon as
  they come off the truck at the farm
• In poultry, flock treatments using medicine in
  the water, by sprays or dusts and cause less
  stress than individual bird vaccinations and
  should be used if possible
• Bio-Security Measures
• Cleanliness
• Quarantine sick animals
• Avoid exposure to animals
• Isolate new animals for a period of (30 days)

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Treatments Continued

• Sanitation and good health management practices
  are important because some of the diseases
  mentioned have no cures.

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Internal Parasites

• Roundworms stomach worms, ascarids, pin worms,
  bloodworms, lungworms.
• Tapeworms broad tapeworm, beef or pork tapeworm.
• Flukes liver flukes
• Barber pole worms
• Protozoa Coccidia

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Life Cycle of Internal Parasites

1. Important to understand the typical life cycle to
   effectively control internal parasites
2. Adult females lays eggs inside the host animal
   that pass out of the animal in feces
3. Eggs hatch and larvae climb onto blades of grass
4. Animals ingests larvae when grass is consumed
5. Larvae develop into adult parasites n host organ
   stomach, lungs, intestines, etc. Adult larvae
   deprive animals of nutrients and/or blood

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Controlling Internal Parasites

• The most effective method of control is
  prevention
• Control methods
• Chemical substances used to kill parasites.
  Administered orally or topically
• Problems with resistance to chemicals can occur
• Test individual animals using a fecal egg count
  to determine if they are above the threshold for
  internal parasites
• Treat animals with parasite issues
• Use the same de-wormer (anthelmintic) until it is
  no longer effective
• Sheep and goat industry have major resistance
  issues. The Barber Pole Worm is a major internal
  parasite that causes blood loss, anemia and
  death.
• Mechanical complete or partial removal of the
  parasite. Example removing or breaking-up manure
  contaminated with internal parasites.

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Controlling Internal Parasites Continued

1. Biological non-chemical methods of controlling
   parasites. Example feeding forages such as
   lespedeza hay that contains higher levels of
   tannins that kill parasites.
2. Cultural/Environmental modifies the growing
   environment of the parasite. Example pasture
   rotation

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Major Problems and Recommendations for
Controlling Internal Parasites

1. Other that death, the most costly result of
   internal parasites in cattle, swine, and poultry
   is weight loss or reduced gains
2. The major internal parasites of poultry are
   several types of worms and coccidia
3. Roundworms cause the most damage of any internal
   parasites for hogs
4. Deworming pregnant sows and gilts about a week
   before farrowing kills the worms and prevents
   baby pigs from getting worms from their mothers
   manure
5. The major external parasites of swine are lice
   and mites

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Internal Parasites
Lungworms affecting the lungs and lungworms
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Flukes
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External Parasites Identification and Control

• Common External Parasites
• Ticks- blood suckers
• Lice-blood suckers and biting
• Mites-causes mange
• Blowfly-screwworms in larval stage
• Heel fly-cattle grub
• Horn fly-smallest blood sucking species
• Other flies house, horse, and stable

86
Controlling External Parasites

1. The most effective method of control is
   prevention
2. Control Methods
3. Chemical most common method of controlling
   external parasites
4. Systemic insecticides absorbed through the
   animals skin are commonly used
5. Oral ingestion also used to control some external
   parasites
6. Mechanical
7. Biological
8. Cultural/Environmental

87
Major Problems and Recommendations for
Controlling External Parasites

1. Most external parasites of birds or poultry lower
   production by sucking blood
2. The external parasite causing the greatest
   financial loss in beef cattle is the larva of the
   HEEL FLY or cattle grubs because they lower the
   rate of gain and damage the hides and meat
3. The major external parasites of swine are lice
   and mites
4. Mites, bedbugs and fowl ticks hide in cracks and
   crevices in poultry houses during daylight and
   those places must be sprayed with approved
   chemicals during daylight to kill those external
   parasites.

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External Parasites
Lice
Ticks
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Cattle Grub (Heel Fly)
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Major problems continued

• The major internal parasites of poultry are
  several types of worms.
• Roundworms cause the most damage of any internal
  parasites for swine.

91
Controlling Parasites

• The most effective method of control is
  prevention.
• Chemicals are the most common method of
  controlling external parasites.
• Systemic insecticides that spread throughout the
  animals body is most effective way to treat the
  heel fly.

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Controlling Parasites continued

• Deworming pregnant sows and gilts a week prior to
  farrowing kills the worms and prevents the
  piglets from getting worms from their mothers
  manure.
• Problems with deworming is that it can cause
  worms that are immune to the chemicals in the
  deworming medicine.