Aim: How do living things differ from nonliving things?

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Aim How do living things differ from nonliving
things?

• Do now List some examples of living things. What
  do all of these living things have in common?
• Vocabulary living things, non living things,
• metabolism, synthesis, assimilation,
  reproduction, response, irritability

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CELLS and SYSTEMS
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How is a living thing different from nonliving
thing?

• Growth and development
• movement or locomotion
• adaptability or irritability
• reproduction
• Metabolism
• Made up of cells

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The Characteristics of Life

• Living things are organized structures.
• Living things use energy to maintain life and to
  grow and develop.
• Living things maintain a fairly stable internal
  environment even when their external environment
  changes dramatically.
• Living things pass hereditary information to new
  organisms of the same type in the process of
  reproduction.

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Cellular Reproduction

• A single-celled organism
• dividing to produce two
• new cells.

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Can you tell why?

• Many scientists do not include viruses with
  living things.

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• The reason is that viruses are not cells.
  Instead they are made only of protein and genetic
  material. As a result, viruses do not
  independently carry out all processes of life. To
  reproduce, they must invade the cell of a living
  organism.

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Life Processes

• obtaining nutrients from the environment breaking
  them down for transport
• transporting materials throughout the organism

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Life Processes

• breaking nutrients into smaller units to release
  the chemical energy stored in them through the
  process of cell respiration
• combining simple substances into complex
  substances during the process known as synthesis

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Life Processes

• increasing the size or number of cells through
  the process of growth
• removing waste products from the organism through
  the process known as excretion
• responding to internal and external stimuli
• reproducing more of their own species

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• The cell biologist carefully adjusts the
  microscope to focus on a slice of corn root cell.
  The cell had been chemically fixed and then
  thinly sliced to form the specimen under study.
  Thus, the cell is frozen in time, capturing in
  exquisite detail the structure that underlies its
  functions.

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And this is what was seen under the microscope...
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What is a cell?

• small individual units that make up all living
  things
• can not be seen with the naked eye
• where the life processes of the living organisms
  are carried on
• some organisms consist of one cell
• others are made up of many cells

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The Cell Theory

• All organisms are made of one or more cells and
  the products of those cells.
• All cells carry on life activities.
• New cells arise only from other living cells by
  the process of cell division.

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Two Basic Cell Types

• Prokaryotic Cells
• cells without nucleus
• Eukaryotic Cells
• cells with true nucleus

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Prokaryotic cells

• lack any internal membrane-bound structures
• membranes do not separate different areas of the
  cell from each other
• diameters range between 1 and 10 µm

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A Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic cells

• present in all living things except bacteria
• have many kinds of internal membrane-bound
  structures
• have many specialized internal structures called
  organelles
• much more compartmentalized compared to
  prokaryotic cells
• diameters range from 10-100 µm

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A Eukaryotic Cell
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Organizational Structure of Organisms
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Remember that...

• TISSUES groups of specialized cells
• ORGAN combination of different kinds of tissues
  that perform one of the life processes
• ORGAN SYSTEM several organs that may work
  together to perform one of the life processes

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Test your knowledge...

• 1. One characteristic of all living organisms is
  that
• A. make food
• B. live on land
• C. maintain homeostasis
• D. move from place to place

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• 2. A biologist would most likely study all of the
  chemical activities of an organism to obtain
  information about the organisms
• A. number of mutations
• B. reproductive cycle
• C. development
• D. metabolism

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• 3. Which of the following statements about cells
  is NOT true?
• A. One or more cells make up all living
  organisms
• B. Cells carry on the basic life function of
  living organisms
• C. Cells contain structures that carry on life
  functions
• D. Most cells cannot reproduce

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• 4. Cells are to tissues as organs are to
• A. organ systems
• B. cells
• C. genes
• D. organelles

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• 5. The ability of an organism to maintain
  internal stability is known as
• A. metabolism
• B. homeostasis
• C. circulation
• D. excretion

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• 6. Which sequence is listed in order from
  simplest to most complex?
• A. tissue-cell-organ system-organ
• B. cell-tissue-organ-organ system
• C. cell-tissue-organ system-organ
• D. organ system-cell-tissue-organ

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• 7. Living things are made mostly of these four
  main elements
• A. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and protein
• B. water, protein, carbohydrates, and fat
• C. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• D. glucose, salt, mineral, and base