Systematic Implications of DNA variation in subfamily Opuntioideae

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Asterids Campanulids
Spring 2012
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Fig. 8.83
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Asterids Campanulids

• Basal Asterids
• Order Cornales
• Order Ericales
• Lamiids
• Order Solanales
• Order Gentianales
• Order Lamiales
• Campanulids
• Order Apiales
• Apiaceae carrots, parsley
• Order Dipsacales
• Caprifoliaceae honeysuckle
• Adoxaceae viburnum, elderberry
• Order Asterales
• Campanulaceae lobelias, bellflowers
• Asteraceae sunflowers

family required for recognition
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CampanulidsApiales Apiaceae(The Carrot
Family Umbelliferae)

• Nearly cosmopolitan
• Usually herbs aromatic with ethereal oils,
  terpenoids, saponins and other compounds leaves
  alternate with sheathing bases internodes
  usually hollow
• Diversity 3,780 species in 434 genera
• Flowers Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5,
  distinct, very reduced petals 5, distinct but
  developing from a ring-like primordium, usually
  inflexed stamens 5, filaments distinct carpels
  2, connate, inferior ovary fruit a schizocarp,
  the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to an
  entire to deeply forked central stalk
  (carpophore)
• Significant features Aromatic parts
  inflorescences usually involucrate compound
  umbels (sometimes simple or condensed into a
  head) styles basally swollen to form a
  nectar-secreting structure (stylopodium) atop the
  ovary seeds with oil glands
• Special uses Herbs and spices, vegetables
  (carrot, Daucus celery Apium parsnip -
  Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum)
• Required taxa family only

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Apiaceae
Zizia
Daucus
Anethum
Cicuta
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Apiaceae

• reduced calyx
• inflexed petals
• inferior ovary
• 2 carpels
• stylopodium

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Apiaceae
schizocarps
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Apiaceae Daucus
-bristly annuals or biennials with pinnately
dissected leaves -umbels compound -involucre of
more or less conspicuous pinnate bracts -flowers
all or nearly all perfect, mostly with
pedicels -mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1
ribs and 4 winged 2 ribs
involucre
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Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
anise
dill
caraway
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Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
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Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
parsley
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Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
parsnip
carrot
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CampanulidsDipsacales Caprifoliaceae(The
Honeysuckle Family)

• Widely distributed, especially in northern
  temperate regions
• Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas leaves
  opposite, simple
• Diversity 810 species in 36 genera (in the
  broad sense)
• Flowers Sepals 5, connate petals 5, connate,
  often with 2 upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper
  and 4 lower lobes stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments
  adnate to the corolla carpels 2-5, connate,
  style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior ovary
  fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene.
• Significant features Flowers bilateral large,
  spiny pollen
• Special uses Ornamentals honeysuckle
  (Lonicera), Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry)
• Family not required

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Caprifoliaceae Lonicera
-erect or climbing shrubs -leaves entire -calyx
teeth very short -corolla tubular or funnelform,
often more or less irregular -fruit a
several-seeded berry
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CampanulidsDipsacales Adoxaceae(The
Elderberry family)

• Widespread in temperate regions of the N.
  Hemisphere but also in mountainous regions of S.
  Hemisphere
• Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs leaves
  opposite, simple or trifoliolate or pinnately
  compound
• Diversity 245 species in 5 genera
• Flowers Bisexual, radial, small sepals 2-5,
  connate, reduced petals 4-5, connate, well
  developed but with a usually short tube stamens
  5, pollen with a reticulate exine carpels 3-5,
  style(s) short fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits
• Significant features inflorescences
  determinate, umbellate, showy
• Special uses ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus),
  also jellies and wines
• Family not required

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Adoxaceae
Adoxa
Viburnum
Sambucus
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Adoxaceae Viburnum
-shrubs or small trees -leaves simple -inflorescen
ces compound cymes -flowers usually white (rarely
pink) -corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed -ovary
3-carpellate, but two abort -fruit a 1-locular,
1-seeded drupe
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Adoxaceae Sambucus
-herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent -leaves
pinnately compound -inflorescences compound
cymes -corolla broadly spreading -fruit a drupe
containing 3 pits
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CampanulidsAsterales Campanulaceae(The
Bellflower or Lobelia Family)

• Widespread in northern temperate and
  sub-tropical regions also in the montane tropics
  
• Mostly herbs occasionally woody with
  laticifers/latex and milky sap leaves usually
  alternate
• Diversity ca. 2,200 species in 79-84 genera
• Flowers With a hypanthium sepals 5, connate
  petals 5, connate, forming a bell-shaped or
  bilabiate (or 1-lipped) corolla stamens usually
  5, distinct to distally connate, usually attached
  to a disk at apex of ovary carpels 2-5, connate,
  inferior (or half-inferior) ovary fruit a
  loculicidal or poricidal capsule, or berry
• Significant features pollen shed in a tube
  formed by connate anther parts style (with
  pollen collecting hairs near the apex) grows
  through tube
• Special uses Mostly ornamentals (Campanula,
  Lobelia, Codonopsis, Platycodon)
• Family not required

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Campanulaceae
pollen plunger
Campanula
Downingia
Lobelia
Platycodon
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Campanulaceae Lobelia
-herbs -flowers resupinate -calyx 5-parted, with
a short tube -corolla with a straight tube split
on the apparently upper side, somewhat
2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 lobes, the lower
with 3 lobes -stamens free from the corolla,
united into a tube by the anthers but also
commonly by the filaments -capsule 2-locular,
opening at the top
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CampanulidsAsterales Asteraceae(The Sunflower
Family Largest family of angiosperms)

• Cosmopolitan
• Herbs or shrubs (trees) resin canals or
  laticifers often present
• Diversity 23,600 species in ca. 1,600 genera
• Flowers Sepals highly modified to form a scaly
  or hairy pappus petals 5, connate, forming a
  tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral corolla
  anthers fused into a tube around the style
  (syngenesious) pollen plunger mechanism present
  carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary fruit an
  achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus
  (calyx parts)
• Significant features flowers densely arranged
  into indeterminate heads (capitula), surrounded
  by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often with
  differentiation in inner flowers and outer
  flowers (disk and ray flowers) various
  pollination and dispersal syndromes
• Special uses Food plants sunflower
  (Helianthus), chicory (Cichorium), artichoke
  (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca) many ornamentals
  (marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia,
  etc.).
• Family only

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The ultimate pseudanthium
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Asteraceae
Pseudanthium false flower

• disk ray florets

phyllaries
Berlandiera
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Asteraceae

• Floral Terminology
• Head ( capitulum)
• Pseudanthium
• Involucre
• Phyllaries
• Floret
• Ligulate or ray floret
• Disk floret

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Asteraceae ray flower/floret
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Asteraceae disk flower/floret
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Three flower arrangements
ray flowers only
disk flowers only
ray and disk flowers
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Asteraceae Taraxacum
-perennial or biennial herbs -heads
many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender
hollow scape, of only ray flowers -pappus
feathery, becoming raised on a stalk as the
achene matures -involucre reflexed at fruit
maturity for wind dispersal
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Asteraceae Helianthus
-coarse, stout herbs -involucre of overlapping
phyllaries -heads solitary or in a corymb,
many-flowered, with both ray and disk flowers,
the ray flowers with a yellow corolla -chaff
persistent -pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin
scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller scales also
present
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Asteraceae Solidago
-perennial herbs -stem leaves sessile or nearly
so -heads small, mostly in racemes or
clusters -heads few- to many-flowered, mostly
of ray flowers -ray flowers usually 1-20 per
head, pistillate -pappus simple, of equal fine
bristles -achenes nearly terete
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Senecio
-heads in branched clusters -heads of ray
flowers -flowers yellow -ca. 1500 species
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Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
artichoke
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Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
chicory
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Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
lettuce
endive
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Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
safflower oil
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Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
sunflower
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Asteraceae
Economic plants and products

• Medicinal plants
• Camomile (Athemis)

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Asteraceae
Economic plants and products

• Weedy plants
• Dandelion (Taraxacum)

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Asteraceae
Economic plants and products

• Weedy plants
• Ragweed (Ambrosia)

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Asteraceae
Economic plants and products

• Ornamentals
• Chrysanthemum
• (mums Chrysanthemum)
• Dahlia (Dahlia)
• Daisy (Chrysanthemum)
• Marigold (Tagetes)
• Sunflower (Helianthus)
• Zinnia (Zinnia)