Typology%20of%20Phonetic%20and%20Phonological%20Systems%20of%20English%20

1

• Typology of Phonetic and Phonological Systems of
  English Ukrainian

2
PHONETIC SYSTEM OF A LANGUAGEPHONEMES

• Vowels
• monophthongs
• diphthongs

• Consonants

3
VOWELS IN ENGLISH UKRAINIAN

• The number of vowels in English is 20 out of
  which 12 are monophthongs ?, i, e, æ, ?, ?, ?,
  ?, ?, u, ?, ?. The other 8 are diphthongs
  ei, ??, ??, ??, ??, ??, ??, ??.

• The number of vowels in Ukrainian is 6 only i,
  e, u, a, o, y

4
CLASSIFICATION OF THE VOWELS ACCORDING TO THE
HORIZONTAL POSITION OF THE TONGUE
English Ukrainian
Front i ? e æ ? ? ?
Central ? ? ? -
Back ? ? ? ? u ? ? ?
5
CLASSIFICATION OF THE VOWELS ACCORDING TO THE
VERTICAL POSITION OF THE TONGUE
English Ukrainian
High variation i ? u ? ? ? ?
Mid-open ? ? ? ? ? ?
Narrow variation æ ? ? ? ?
6
CONSONANTS IN ENGLISH UKRAINIAN

• In English 24

• In Ukrainian 32

7
GROUPS OF CONSONANTS ACCORDING TO THE ROLE OF
VOICE AND NOISE IN FORMING THE CONSONANTS

• noise (the majority) voiced, voiceless
• sonorant m, n, r, l, w, j, ?, ?, ?, ?', ?,
  ?', ?, j, ?.

8
GROUPS OF CONSONANTS ACCORDING TO THE WAY OF
PASSING THE OBSTRUCTION

• plosive p, t, k, b, d, g, ?, ?, ?, ?', ?,
  ?', ?, ?
• fricative f, v, ?, ð , s, z, ?, h, j, ?, ?,
  ?, ?', ?, ?', ?, ?, ?, ?
• affricative t?, d?, ??, ??, ?, ?, ?', ??'.

9
GROUPS OF CONSONANTS ACCORDING TO THE PLACE OF
OBSTRUCTION

• In Ukrainian bilabial, labiodental, alveolar,
  median, back-lingual, dental ?, ?, ?, ?', ?.

• In English bilabial, labiodental, alveolar,
  median, back-lingual, post-alveolar r, ?, ?,
  interdental ð, ?.

10
GROUPS OF CONSONANTS ACCORDING TO THE PLACE OF
OBSTRUCTION

• bilabials p ,b, m, w, ?, ?, ?, ?
• labiodentals v, f , ?
• alveolar d, t, z, s, n, l, t?, d?, ?', ?', ?',
  ?, ?', ?, ?, ?, ?', ??', ??, ?, ?
• median j, ?, ?, ?'
• back-lingual k, g, ?, ?, ?, ?
• glottal h, ?.

11
STAGES OF ARTICULATION

• retention stage
• the
  the off-
• on-
  glide
• glide

12
MERGING OF STAGES

• p
  a
• 
  
• p
  a
• a p

13
INTERPENETRATION OF STAGES (I)

• t
  l
• t l
  t l

14
INTERPENATRATION OF STAGES (II)

• t ð
• t t ð
  ð

15
INTERPENETRATION OF STAGES (III)

• N n
• N
  n

16
ARTICULATORY TRANSITIONS OF PHONEMES

• POSITIONAL
• reduction
• devoicing at the end of the words
• prothesis

• COMBINATORY
• assimilation
• dissimilation
• accommodation
• haplology
• dieresis
• epenthesis
• metathesis
• substitution
• elision

17
Assimilation is a phonetic process when two
adjacent consonants within a word or at word
boundaries influence each other in such a way
that the articulation of one sound becomes
similar or even identical with the articulation
of the other one.
18
Assimilation may affect

• - the work of an active organ, e.g., congress
• - the point of articulation as in, e.g.,
  congratulate
• - the manner of production of noise, e.g., in let
  me as 'lem?
• -  the work of vocal cords, e.g., gooseberry
• -  the lip position, e.g., twenty
• - the position of the soft palate, e.g., sandwich.

19
DEGREES OF ASSIMILATION

20
TYPES OF ASSIMILATION

21
When the articulation of a sound is changed
under the influence of the neighbouring sound in
the course of language development assimilation
is historical. Contextual assimilation takes
place when the articulation of a sound changes
under the influence of the neighbouring sounds in
rapid colloquial speech or in the living
language.
22
When a sound is influenced by an adjoining sound
assimilation is called contact. When a sound is
influenced by a distant one assimilation is
called distant. Such cases are not typical of
Present-day English and Ukrainian Phonetics
(?????? ??????).
23
ACCOMMODATION

• In accommodation the accommodated sound
  doesnt change its main phonemic features, and is
  pronounced as a principal variant of the same
  phoneme slightly modified under the influence of
  a neighbouring sound.

24
In rapid colloquial speech certain notional
words may lose some of their sounds. This
phenomenon is called elision. Elision can be
historical and contemporary. The English language
is full of silent letters which bear weakness
to historical elision e. g., walk, knee, knight,
castle, ????????, ?????, ??????. In rapid
colloquial speech certain notional words may lose
some of their sounds e. g., phonetics.
25
The omission of certain syllables is called
haplology, rare in English (Englalond gt England),
but spread in Ukrainian (????????????? -
???????????, ?????????????? - ????????????). In
rapid colloquial speech certain notional words
may lose some of their sounds. The same concerns
metathesis the change of syllables / sounds
within a word (???????, ???????, ???????, ??????
third gt ðridda).
26
The phenomenon opposite to assimilation in
which one of two similar phonemes is changed as a
result of their interaction is called
dissimilation, but the phenomenon of
dissimilation is not typical of present-day
English Ukrainian Phonetics cf., Pluraris
Pluralis (in Latin) and Plural (in English)
???????, ?????. Substitution results into the
use of a sound typical of a particular language
instead of the resembling sound of another
language (???? ???, ?????). Epenthesis is the
addition of an alien sound into the existing
sound complex e. g., the French word advantage
is changed into the English word advantage ofn gt
ofen gt oven ?????, ???????.
27
Devoicing of the voiced consonants at the end
of words. It is not typical of English though the
sounds b, d, g may be seldom partly
devoiced. This phenomenon is typical of Ukrainian
(???, ???). Prothesis is the introduction of an
extra initial sound. Very rare in both languages
(????? Latin schola gt Spanish escuela). Sounds
in speech can be reduced, i.e. change their
quality or even fall out when unstressed. This
phenomenon is called reduction.
28
TYPES OF REDUCTION

ZERO the omission of a vowel or a consonant.

29
TYPES OF SYLLABLE
30
A SYLLABLE

• OPEN
• open syllables (are, ear, ?-???)
• open covered syllables (we, play, ??, ???).
• The number of open syllables in English
  contains 27 in Ukrainian 66

• CLOSE
• close syllables (art, act, ???).
• The number of close syllables in English (73)
  exceeds their number in Ukrainian (34).

31
SYLLABLE FORMATION SYLLABLE DIVISION

1. an unstressed short vowel, a long monophthong or
   a diphthong separated from a succeeding stressed
   vowel by a consonant sound, forms an uncovered
   open syllable ago, alike, elect, idea, ?????,
   ????
2. when 2 vowels are separated from each other by a
   cluster of consonant sound the syllable boundary
   lies before the consonants agree, asleep,
   admire. It isnt so in Ukrainian ??-??, ??-???
3. an unstressed short vowel, a long monophthong or
   a diphthong used after a single consonant or a
   cluster of consonants and before the following
   syllabic consonant forms an open covered
   syllable Ukraine, together, turkey, houses
4. a short stressed vowel ?, e, æ, ?, ? separated
   from the following single syllabic consonant
   always occurs in a close syllable. The boundary
   separating the syllable is within the consonant
   little, fatten
5. a short vowel separated by 2 consonants forms
   with the succeeding consonants a close syllable.
   Hence, the boundary between the syllables lies
   after the following consonants nicely,
   goodness, hotly.

32
Word-stress as singling out one or more syllables
in a word

• English word stress is dynamic with a tonetic
  component.
• It is free.
• English rhythm is stress-timed.

• Ukrainian word stress is dynamic with a duration
  component.
• It is free.
• Ukrainian rhythm is syllable-timed.

33
TYPES OF STRESS

34
TYPES OF WORD STRESS

• PRIMARY

• SECONDARY
• In English falls on the syllable separated
  from the nuclear syllable by one unstressed
  syllable pro?nunci'ation, ?recog'nition, etc.

35
WORDS WITH TWO STRESSES

• ENGLISH
• Compound adjectives 'well-'known,
  'absent'minded, etc.
• Composite verbs also have two primary stresses,
  e. g., to 'get 'up, to 'give a'way, etc.
• Words with the prefixes un-, in-, dis-, sub-,
  ex-, under-, re-.

• UKRANIAN
• Such cases are optional ??'??????'????????,
  ??'?????'???????.

36
INTONATION

• Intonation is a complex unity of speech
  melody, sentence stress, tempo, pausation, and
  timbre.

37
FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION

• to divide an utterance into sense groups that is
  to organize human utterances semantically
• to organize utterances into groups according to
  the demands of communication
• intonation organizes utterances syntactically as
  well defining clauses of coordination and
  subordination
• the emotive aspect of utterances can be defined
  and expressed only by means of intonation.