The Hispanic Caribbean Chapter 8

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The Hispanic CaribbeanChapter 8
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Geography Environment
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North American Caribbean Plates
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Geology

• North American Plate
• Limestone Plateau Cuba, Yucatan, Florida
• Karst landscape sinkholes, caverns, karst
  towers, subterranean rivers
• Sierra de los Organos (Cuba)
• Sierra de Escambray (Cuba)
• Fertile soils sugarcane
• Caribbean Plate
• Uplifted fault-block mountains (Granite)
• Sierra Maestra (Cuba)
• Pico Turquino 1,975 m (6,476 ft.)
• Cordillera Central (Dominican Republic)
• Pico Duarte 3,083 m (10,164 ft.)
• Cordillera Central Sierra de Luquillo (Puerto
  Rico)

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Republic of Cuba
Population 12 million
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Population 9 million
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Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Population 4 million
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Historical Geography Economic Development

• Pre-Columbian culture
• Ciboney
• Once in Cuba
• Arawak/Taíno
• Once in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico
• Caribs
• Today in Dominica
• Black Caribs in Central America Zambos
• Vocabulary
• Bohío hut
• Hurricane, barbeque

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• Spanish conquest
• Santo Domingo (Hispaniola/Hispañola)
• Founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 1496
• 1st European city and 1st Spanish capital in the
  Americas
• Havana (Cuba)
• Principal gateway to the New World for Spanish
  trade
• Mercantile trading system stopover to and from
  mainland ports of Veracruz, Cartagena, Colón
  (Acapulco, Lima)
• Became more important than Santo Domingo and San
  Juan
• Independence from Spain U.S. Hegemony
• 1865 Santo Domingo
• 1898 Cuba Puerto Rico Spanish American War

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Economy

• Sugarcane
• Spain importation of African slaves
• United States investment after the Civil War
• Slavery abolished until 1878 (Puerto Rico) 1886
  (Cuba)
• Cultivation and Processing on Plantations
• Small family plantations gave way to large
  landholdings
• Sugar mills trapiches, ingenios, and centrales
• Sugar, molasses, and rum
• Other crops and livestock
• Tobacco
• Indigo
• Coffee
• Cattle ranching

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U.S. Hegemony the Yankee Years

• Spanish American War 1898
• Cuban revolution for independence
• José Martí, Antonio Maceo, and Máximo Gómez
• U.S.S. Main explosion in Havana Harbor
• T. Roosevelt and the Rough Riders San Juan
  Hill
• Puerto Rico U.S. territory in 1901
• Cuban independence in 1902 Platt Amendment
• mediated sovereignty
• Guantánamo Bay Naval Base
• Camp X-Ray in order to avoid U.S. law toward
  prisoners
• Dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista 1933 - 1944,
  1952 - 1959
• Dominican Rep. U.S. intervention
• Dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo 1930 1961
• Marines landed in 1965

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Cuban Revolution

• Fidel Castro
• 26 of July Movement 1953
• Moncada Barracks
• Che Guevara
• Return to Cuba on the Granma
• Revolution of 1959
• U.S. Embargo 1960
• Helms-Burton Act of 1996
• Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961
• Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

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Contemporary Social Geography

• Cuba
• Revolution continues
• Education
• Healthcare
• Provision of food and consumer goods bodegas
• Housing
• Committees for Defense of the Revolution (CDRs)
• Special Period of 1990s
• Tourism
• Self-sufficiency
• Remittances from exiles
• Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
• Tourism

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Tourism A Mixed Blessing?

• Advantages
• State and regional economic options
• A clean industry
• Educational
• Disadvantages
• Disjunctive development
• Degrades fragile environmental resources
• Inauthentic representations of native cultures

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MEXICO
Ándale!
Chapter 9
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Historical Landscapes of Mexico

• Pre-Columbian
• Teotihuacán
• Tula (Toltecs)
• Tenochtitlán (Aztecs)
• Tlaxcala
• Purepecha (Tarascans)
• Spanish Colonial
• Hernán Cortez vs. Moctezuma
• Haciendas
• Silver and gold mining in the Bajío region
• Independence and Republican Period
• Grito de Dolores Dolores (near Guadalajara)

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Historical Landscapes of Mexico

• 1821 independence from Spain for Mexico and
  Central America
• Mexican-American War 1846
• Gen. Zachary Scott Taylor Monterrey (1846)
• Gen. Winfield Scott Mexico City (1847)
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) present
  border between Mexico U.S.l
• French Intervention Emporer Maximiliam I (1861
  1867)
• Modernization of Mexico and the Railroads
  President Benito Juárez
• Pax Porfiriato (1876 1911) President
  Porfirio Díaz
• Mexican Revolution
• Pancho Villa (North) Emiliano Zapata (South)
• Constitution of 1917
• Expropriation and the Ejido

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Regions of Mexico

• Independent North
• Borderlands
• Arid Northwest
• Humid Gulf Lowlands
• Central Mexico
• Central Metropolitan Axis
• El Bajío
• Southern Poverty Belt
• Southern Mountains
• Chiapas
• Yucatán
• Tourist Fringe Club Mex
• Mayan Riviera
• Pacific Resorts
• Baja California

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Regions in Mexico

• Mexican Plateau
• Mesa Central - Valle de Mexico
• Neovolcanic Range
• Pico de Orizaba 18,490 ft.
• Popocatepetl Volcano 17,887 ft.
• Paricutin Colima
• Mexico City
• Guadalajara (Mexicos 2nd largest city), Puebla,
  Morelia
• El Bajío (Guanajuato, Querétaro, San Miguel de
  Allende)
• Spanish colonial mining centers

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Regions in Mexico

• Mesa del Norte
• Coahuila, Chihuahua, Sonora Deserts mesquite,
  cacti, agave, creosote
• Northern Borderlands (Mexamerica) Monterrey
  (Mexicos Pittsburgh) 3rd largest city in Mex.
• Mining and manufacturing Saltillo, Monclova,
  Chihuahua, Torreon, Durango, Hermosillo, San Luis
  Potosi
• Silver Belt Zacatecas, Durango, Parral,
  Chihuahua
• Haciendas
• Ranching
• Mexican Border towns Matamoros, Reynosa, Nuevo
  Laredo, Ciudad Juarez, Nogales, Mexicali, Tijuana
• Maquiladoras
• Mormons and Mennonites
• Sierra Madre Oriental sedimentary (mostly karst
  i.e. limestone)
• Sierra Madre Occidental volcanic origin (mostly
  crystalline i.e. granite)
• Copper Canyon Chihuahua

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Central America

• Chapter 10

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Physical Environment

• Caribbean Cocos Plates
• Sierra de los Cuchumatanes
• Central American volcanic axis
• Guatemala Agua Vol., Fuego Vol., Lake Atitlán
• El Salvador
• Nicaragua Concepción, Momotombo, Masaya
• Costa Rica Arenal, Poás, Irazú
• Lake Nicaragua
• Freshwater sharks
• San Juan River
• 49 Gold Rush
• Caribbean Lowlands humid tropical
• Pacific Lowlands tropical wet-and-dry
• Highlands in Guat. and C.R. tierra fría and
  páramo
• Mt. Chirripó
• Wildlife resplendent quetzal, toucans, parrots,
  tree sloths, capuchin howler monkeys, and many
  others

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Historical and Contemporary Geography

• United Provinces of Central America (1823 1840)
  
• Highlands Coffee farms fincas (Costa Rica vs.
  El Salvador)
• Caribbean Lowlands Bananas Standard/United
  Fruit Company
• Guatemala and Costa Rica Tourism
• Costa Rica, Panama, Nicaragua Expatriots from N.
  America Europe
• United States as regional hegemony (Gringos)
  Yankee Years
• Monroe Doctrine
• President Theodore Roosevelt The Bully Panama
  Canal
• "Carry a Big Stick and use it..."
• Rough Riders and San Juan Hill (Cuba)
• Good Neighbor Policy President Franklin D.
  Roosevelt
• Alliance for Progress President John F. Kennedy
  
• Guatemala
• Jacobo Arbenz democratic leader of Guatemala
• United Fruit Co. of Boston The Octopus
  Bananas
• CIA and Operation Success deposed Arbenz
• John Foster Dulles (Advisor to President Dwight
  Eisenhower)
• URNG Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity

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Historical and Contemporary Geography

• Nicaragua
• Río San Juan and Lake Nicaragua
• Trans-isthmian route for 49ers in California Gold
  Rush
• Potential canal prior to Panama Canal
• William Walker filibuster from Nashville,
  Tennessee established Nicaragua as a slave
  empire
• President of Nicaragua 1856 1857
• Captured by British and executed by Hondurans
• U.S. Marines 1912 1933
• Augusto César Sandino rebel leader
• Anastasio Tacho Somoza García Nicaraguan
  National Guard
• Anastasio Tachito Somoza Debayle
• Pedro Joaquín Chamorro journalist assassinated
  by Somoza Debayle
• Revolution in Nicaragua 1979
• Violeta Chamorro (FSLN Junta member, President in
  1990)
• Daniel Ortega (FSLN Junta member, President in
  1980s, current President since 2006)
• FSLN Sandinistas Sandinista National
  Liberation Front
• Contras Contra-Sandinistas (illegal funding
  and support by President Ronald Reagan)

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Historical and Contemporary Geography

• El Salvador
• Civil War
• Assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero in 1980
• FMLN Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
• U.S. military advisors
• Costa Rica
• Juan Santamaria pushed W. Walker out of C.R. in
  1856
• Civil War Figueres vs. Calderón (1948)
• Abolished military
• Public healthcare
• Oscar Arias Nobel Peace Prize (1987)
• Ending conflicts in Central America
• Panama independence in 1903
• Canal completed in 1914
• Canal Zone reverted to Panamanian sovereignty in
  2000
• Gen. Manuel Noriega
• U.S. Invasion in 1989
• Caribbean Lowlands
• Mosquito (Miskito) Coast/Mosquitia British
  loggers (mahogany)

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Physical Environment
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Guatemala
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Costa Rica
Pura vida!
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