SEMINAR ON ANTIMATTER

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SEMINAR ON ANTIMATTER
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INTRODUCTION

• Antimatter is real.
• Energy density of
• chemical reaction is 110? J/kg.
• nuclear fission is 810?? J/kg.
• nuclear fusion is 310?? J/kg.
• matter antimatter reaction is 91016 J/kg.
• Highest energy release per unit mass.
• Complete conversion of mass into energy.

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WHAT IS MATTER?

• Everything around us.
• Basic components
• electrons.
• protons.
• neutrons.

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WHAT IS ANTIMATTER?

• Opposite of normal matter.
• Basic components are
• positrons.
• antiprotons.
• antineutrons.

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HISTORY OF ANTIMATTER.

• In 1928,Paul A.M.Dirac revised Einsteins famous
  equation Emc².
• Diracs equation Emc².
• Positrons discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932.
• Antiprotons discovered in 1955.
• Antiatoms discovered in 1995 by CERN.

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PRODUCTION OF ANTIMATTER.

• Created from energy.
• Protons are smashed into target.
• Matter-antimatter particles are spontaneously
  created.
• Antiproton head towards the Antiproton
  Decelerator.

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ANTIPROTON DECCELERATOR (AD)

• It consists of
• vacuum tubes.
• vacuum pumps.
• magnets.
• radiofrequency cavities.
• high voltage instruments.
• electronic circuits.

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WORKING OF AD.

• Antiproton have
• energy spread.
• transverse oscillations.
• Focusing magnets.
• Radiofrequency cavities decelerate the
  antiproton.

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AD EXPERIMENTS.

• ASACUSA (Atomic Spectroscopy And Collision Using
  Slow Antiprotons).
• ATHENA (Antihydrogen Production and Precision
  Experiments).
• ATRAP (Cold Anti hydrogen for precise laser
  Spectroscopy).

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STORAGE.

• Traps.
• Appropriate configuration of electric and
  magnetic fields.
• Good vacuum.

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ANTIMATTER IN PROPULSION SYSTEM

• Annihilation.
• Newtonian rocket.
• 100 milligram for Space Shuttle.

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ANTIMATTER PROPULSION SYSTEMS.

• Two choice of propulsion
• 1)Electron-positron annihilation.
• produces high energy gamma rays.
• impossible to control.
• very dangerous.
• 2)Proton-antiproton annihilation.
• produces charged particles.
• mass left over after annihilation.

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1)SOLID CORE.

• Solid core heat exchanger.
• Superheats hydrogen propellants.
• Specific impulse1000sec

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2)GAS CORE.

• Annihilation occurs in hydrogen propellant.
• Particles controlled in magnetic field.
• Loss in the form of gamma rays.
• Specific impulse2500sec

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3)PLASMA CORE.

• Annihilation of larger amount of antimatter.
• Loss in the form of gamma rays.
• Plasma is expelled to produce thrust.
• Specific impulse between 5000 to 10000sec.

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4)BEAM CORE.

• Direct one to one annihilation.
• Used directly as the exhausted propellant.
• Specific impulse10,000,000sec

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POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCAN.

• Positron incorporated in a special fluid injected
  into the patient.
• Annihilate with electrons.
• Energy emerges as gamma rays.
• PET radiograph reveals inner structure.
• Widely used in brain scans.

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ANTIMATTER DETONATION.

• Output highly depends on regular matter
  surrounding the bomb.
• Gamma rays are absorbed.
• Lose half their energy per 500 to 1000m of air
  compared to 20cm of concrete.
• Explosion would not cause much physical damage.
• No practical or destructive as conventional
  nuclear weapons.

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ANTIMATTER IN NATURE.

• Matter antimatter were created in gigantic Big
  Bang.
• Two possibilities
• Either antimatter completely disappeared.
• Separated from each other.

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ALPHA MAGNETIC SPECTROMETER

• High energy particle detector.
• Carried on Space Shuttle.
• In 2004,a new version of experiment installed on
  the International Space Station.

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PROBLEMS IN PRODUCTION.

• Only 1 to 10 nano grams produced a year.
• Most expensive substance on earth.
• 1 gram cost about 62.5 trillion.
• So not economical using current technology.

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PROBLEMS IN STORAGE.

• Current trap can only store 1010 antiproton for
  one week.
• Next stage an improvement to 1012 antiproton
  storage.
• For complete antimatter propulsion, 1020
  antiprotons needed to be stored.

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CONCLUSION

• Due to the highest energy release per unit mass
  of any known reaction we can say that antimatter
  will be a future fuel but need a reliable method
  of producing large amount of it.

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THANK YOU..