Wetland

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Wetland
1. Vegetated areas that are covered with water or
have very wet soils for part of the year. 2. Wet
areas without vegetation, Most documents focus
on vegetated areas because wetland plants provide
a unique habitat and other benefits to fish that
unvegetated areas do not provide.
Seagrass meadow Mangrove Saltmarsh
climateshifts.org
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Mangrove
Mangroves are various kinds of trees up to medium
height and shrubs that grow in saline coastal
sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics
Distribution mainly between latitudes 25 N
and 25 S dominate three-quarters of tropical
coastlines.
This habitat is characterized by a depositional
coastal environments, where fine sediments ,
often with high organic content, collect in areas
protected from high-energy wave action. The
saline conditions range from brackish water,
through pure seawater (30 to 40 ppt), to water
concentrated by evaporation to over twice the
salinity of ocean seawater (up to 90 ppt part
per thousand).
ozcoasts.gov.au
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Mangrove (source en.wikipedia.org)
The word is used in at least three senses (1)
most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire
plant assemblage or mangal for which the terms
mangrove forest biome, mangrove swamp and
mangrove forest are also used, (2) to refer to
all trees and large shrubs in the mangrove swamp,
and (3) narrowly to refer to the mangrove family
of plants, the Rhizophoraceae, or even more
specifically just to mangrove trees of the genus
Rhizophora.
The remaining mangrove forest areas of the world
in 2000 was 53,190 square miles (137,760 km²)
spanning 118 countries and territories.
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Source Exploring Taiwan Mangrove

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• Black Mangroves or 'Courida'
• (Avicennia germinans)
• Red Mangrove or 'Red Mango'
• ( Rhizophora mangle )
• White Mangrove
• ( Laguncularia racemosa )

Source www.mangrovesgy.org/index.php?optioncom
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boripat.ac.th
Hypocotyl The part of the stem of an embryo or
of a seedling between the radicle and the
cotyledons
cactus-art.biz
??????? y3c2.blogspot.com
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Special Type of Germination Viviparysource
tutorvista.com
In viviparous germination, the seeds germinate
while still attached to the parent plant. The
embryo grows out of the seed and then out of the
fruit and projects from it in the form of a green
seedling??displaying the root and the
hypocotyl. Due to the increase in weight the
seedling separates from the parent tree and falls
into the water and develops lateral roots.
Vivipary is seen in Rhizophora, Cercops, Kandelia
and Sonneratia.
Radicle?? hypocotyl??? seed or progragule
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en.wikipedia.org

• Mangrove plants require a number of physiological
  adaptations to overcome the problems of anoxia,
  high salinity and frequent tidal inundation. Each
  species has its own solutions to these problems
  this may be the primary reason why, on some
  shorelines, mangrove tree species show distinct
  zonation. Therefore, the mix of species is partly
  determined by the tolerances of individual
  species to physical conditions, like tidal
  inundation and salinity, but may also be
  influenced by other factors such as predation of
  plant seedlings by crabs.

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En.wikipedia.org

• Once established, mangrove roots provide an
  oyster habitat and slow water flow, thereby
  enhancing sediment deposition in areas where it
  is already occurring. The fine, anoxic sediments
  under mangroves act as sinks for a variety of
  heavy (trace) metals which colloidal particles in
  the sediments scavenged from the water. Mangrove
  removal disturbs these underlying sediments,
  often creating problems of trace metal
  contamination of seawater and biota.

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En.wikipedia.org

• Mangrove swamps protect coastal areas from
  erosion, storm surge (especially during
  hurricanes), and tsunamis. The mangroves' massive
  root systems are efficient at dissipating wave
  energy. Likewise, they slow down tidal water
  enough that its sediment is deposited as the tide
  comes in, leaving all except fine particles when
  the tide ebbs. In this way, mangroves build their
  own environment. Because of the uniqueness of
  mangrove ecosystems and the protection against
  erosion they provide, they are often the object
  of conservation programs, including national
  biodiversity action plans.

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En.wikipedia.org
The unique ecosystem found in the intricate mesh
of mangrove roots offers a quiet marine region
for young organisms. In areas where roots are
permanently submerged, the organisms they host
include algae, barnacles, oysters, sponges, and
bryozoans, which all require a hard surface for
anchoring while they filter feed. Shrimps and
mud lobsters use the muddy bottoms as their home.
Mangrove crabs mulch the mangrove leaves, adding
nutrients to the mangal muds for other bottom
feeders. In at least some cases, export of carbon
fixed in mangroves is important in coastal food
webs.
emeralddiving.com bryozoan???
Mangrove plantations in Vietnam, Thailand, the
Philippines and India host several commercially
important species of fish and crustaceans.
Despite restoration efforts, developers and
others have removed over half of the world's
mangroves in recent times.
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Young lemon sharks use mangroves as a nursery
area.laststands.
kennedywarne.com
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This is the foodweb of a Mangrove Ecosystem
w3.shorecrest.org
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This is the foodweb of a Mangrove Ecosystem
w3.shorecrest.org
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The microbial food web. After Conover(1982) pcwww
.liv.ac.uk
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Size groups of planktons Adapted from Sieburth
et. al. 1978 msource hpl.umces.edu
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The Nitrogen Cycle - important to fish
keeprs fishdoc.co.uk
princeton.edu
NitriteNO2???? nitrate??? NO3 Both are
anions???, or io??with a negative charge
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Mangrove products timber, fuel wood and
charcoal, dye, corrosion inhibitor
Tannins and dyes Bark of mangrove trees are
harvested as a source of tannin for the tanning
industry. High tannin content is found especially
in members of the Rhizophoraceae, to increase
their resistance to herbivores. With development
of cheap synthetic tannic acids after World War
II, the commercial exploitation of mangrove bark
has dropped to practically zero. Mangrove sap is,
however, still used by East Africans or
Polynesians to make the black dye for tapa cloth.
http//mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/1022.ht
m
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Topics for discussion

• Using mangrove in fish culture
• Interrelationship between mangrove, seagrass
  meadow and coral reef ecosystem--evidence

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Mangrove is used in Thailand to control the water
quality in fish ponds
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Supplementary reading

• Biology of mangrove ocw.unu.edu/...mangroves/Biol
  ogy-of-mangroves.pdf