CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION

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CHAPTER 3 THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION

• AMERICA EXPANDS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH
  CENTURY

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ELECTION OF 1796

• Federalists nominated Vice President John Adams
• Democratic-Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson
• Adams wins and runner-up Jefferson becomes
  vice-president (as law dictated)?

Jefferson (left) and Adams
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XYZ AFFAIR

• Adams attempts to avoid war with France after
  France ships seize American ships
• He sends official to meet with France foreign
  minister
• France sends three low level officers
• Adams is insulted and refers to them as X, Y,
  and Z
• Next two years an undeclared naval war between
  France U.S. was waged

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ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

• To counter what he considered a threat against
  the government, Adams passed through Congress the
  Alien and Sedition Acts
• Alien Act raised residence requirements for
  citizenship from 5 to 14 years and allowed
  President to deport anyone
• Sedition Act set fines jail for anyone making
  false statements against the government

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STATES ATTEMPT TO NULLIFY ALIEN SEDITION ACTS

• In an event that would foreshadow future
  conflicts, two Southern States (Va, Ky.)
  asserted the principle of nullification
• Nullification meant that a state could nullify,
  or consider void, any act of Congress they deemed
  unconstitutional

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THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA SECTION 1

• Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his
  Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and
  his Federalist Party
• While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral
  votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr
• For six days the House of Reps took vote after
  vote until 36 votes later Jefferson prevailed
  (Led to 12th Amendment)

3rd President of the U.S. 1800-1808
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1800 Election Results
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SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT

• Jeffersons theory of government, known as
  Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple,
  limited government was the best for the people
• Jefferson decentralized the government, cut
  costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminate taxes

Jefferson Memorial
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JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT

• Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd
  President), attempts to pack the Federal courts
  with Federalists Judges
• Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional
• Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in
  Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the
  Judicial Act was unconstitutional
• Established principle of Judicial Review the
  ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law
  unconstitutional

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THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

• By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his
  dreams of an American Empire
• He needed money to fight European wars, so he
  accepted Jeffersons offered of 15,000,000
• More than doubled the size of our country
• Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new
  territory

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MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

• After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James
  Madison
• Madison was two-term President 1808-1816
• Known as the Father of the Constitution, Madison
  also is known for his leadership during the War
  of 1812

4th President 1808-1816
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WAR OF 1812 U.S. vs. BRITAIN

• Causes British impressment (seizing Americans
  at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset
  Americans
• The War 1814 British sack D.C. Burn White
  house
• Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans
• Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814

British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset
Americans
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RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812

• Results of the war included
• End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)
• Encouraged industries in U.S.
• Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and
  independent nation

Despite the burning of the Presidents mansion,
the U.S. emerged strong
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NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY

• James Monroe was elected president in 1816
• Immediately, Nationalism clearly established as
  key concern of administration
• Treaty with Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon
  Territory
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) secured Florida
  southern- most areas of SE America

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THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• In the early 19th Century, various European
  countries hinted at increased colonization
• In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it
  clear to Europe Dont interfere with Western
  Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

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What idea does this political cartoon convey?
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THE AGE OF JACKSON SECTION 2

• During a time of growing Sectionalism, Andrew
  Jacksons election in 1828, ushered in a new era
  of popular democracy

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REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES

• The Northeast continued to develop industry while
  the South and West continued to be more
  agricultural
• The Industrial Revolution reached America by the
  early-mid 19th century
• New England first to embrace factory system
• Especially in textile (fabric) mills

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SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL

• Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an
  agricultural power
• Eli Whitneys invention of the Cotton Gin (1793)
  made producing cotton even more profitable
• The South became a Cotton Kingdom
• More labor was needed 1790 700,000 slaves
• 1820 1,500,000 slaves

Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from
seeds
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BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

• Economic differences created political tension
  between North South
• As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted
  to keep nation together
• House Speaker Henry Clays American Plan called
  for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an
  improved infrastructure to help travel

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THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for
  statehood
• Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether
  Missouri should be admitted as a free state
• Henry Clay organized a compromise in which
  Missouri was slave but Maine would be free
• Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30 north
  latitude

HENRY CLAY THE GREAT COMPROMISER
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MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
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ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON

• Jackson, hero of the common man, won election in
  1828 in part because the right to vote had been
  expanded to more citizens
• In the 1824 election, won by John Quincy Adams,
  350,000 white males voted
• In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males voted
• Many of the new voters supported the rugged
  westerner Jackson who also won re-election in 1832

ANDREW JACKSON IS ON THE 20 BILL
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JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• As part of his political philosophy, Jackson
  sought to grant political power to the common
  people
• Called The Spoils System or Jacksonian Democracy,
  Jackson hired his own supporters to replace the
  previous administrations staff
• Jackson gave away many jobs to his friends and
  political allies

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INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830

• Congress, with Jacksons support, passed the
  Indian Removal Act in 1830
• Under this law, the federal government funded
  treaties that forced tribes west
• The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were
  supported by the Supreme Court
• Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision
• Jackson said, John Marshall (Supreme Court Chief
  Justice) has made his decision, now let him
  enforce it.
• Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S.
  troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them
  west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died

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INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830
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TARIFF OF ABOMINATION

• In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the
  Import Tariff of 1816
• Southerners called the 1828 Tariff, a Tariff of
  Abominations, and blamed it for economic
  problems in the South

THE NORTH
TARIFFS
THE SOUTH
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NULLIFICATION THREAT

• In an attempt to free South Carolina from the
  tariff, John Calhoun (Jacksons VP from S.C.),
  developed the Theory of Nullification
• He believed if a state found an act of Congress
  to be unconstitutional, it could declare the law
  void within its borders
• Tensions only relieved by a Clay Compromise
  Tariff in 1833

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JACKSONS BANK WAR

• Jackson opposed National Bank so he created Pet
  Banks so called because they were favored by
  Jacksons Democrats
• Many felt Jackson was acting more like a King
  than a president
• In 1832, his opponents formed a new party the
  Whigs

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PANIC OF 1837

• In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the
  Presidency
• He inherited problems from the Bank Wars
• Jacksons Pet Banks printed money without Gold
  backing
• In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed,
  accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared

MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841
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HARRISON TYLER

• Whig William Henry Harrison defeated Democrat Van
  Buren in the election of 1840
• Harrison, known as Tippecanoe for a battle he
  won against natives, died a month into his term
• His VP, John Tyler became president

TYLER 1841-1845
HARRISON 1841
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MANIFEST DESTINY SECTION 3

• In the 1840s Americans became preoccupied with
  expansion
• Many believed that their movement westward was
  predestined by God
• Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S.
  would expand from sea to shining sea

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UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY
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FAMOUS TRAILS WEST

• No highways existed, thus wagon trails served as
  the roads to the West
• Santa Fe Trail ran from Independence, Missouri to
  Santa Fe, New Mexico
• Oregon Trail stretched from Independence to
  Oregon City, Oregon
• Mormons especially utilized the Oregon Trail on
  their way to Salt Lake City

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MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS

• After 300 years of Spanish rule, Mexican settlers
  felt at home in Texas territory
• Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821
  and Texas was theirs
• Mexican officials offered land to Americans to
  make the area more stable
• Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans in Texas
  trouble started

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TEXAS INDEPENDENCE

• Stephen Austin established a colony of Americans
  in Texas
• Conflicts intensified between Mexicans and
  Americans in Texas
• One issue was the slaves many Americans had
  brought with them
• Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829

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REMEMBER THE ALAMO

• Mexican President Santa Anna was determined to
  force Texans to obey Mexican law
• Santa Anna marched his troops toward San Antonio
  at the same time Austin issued a call to arms
  for all American Texans
• American forces moved into a mission known as the
  Alamo in 1836
• After 13 days the Mexican troops scaled the walls
  and slaughtered all 187 Americans

THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO
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MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

• 1844 presidential election winner, James Polk,
  eagerly wanted to annex Texas as part of the U.S.
• Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into
  Mexican territory in 1845
• America victories soon followed, and in 1848
  Mexican leader Santa Anna conceded defeat
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed U.S.
  gets (larger) Texas, New Mexico California

MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA
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CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

• After gold was discovered at Sutters Mill,
  migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to
  44,000 in 1850
• Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became
  known as Forty-niners
• By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in
  California topped 2,000,000,000

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THE MARKET REVOLUTION SECTION 4

• The first half of the 19th century in America,
  brought vast changes to technology,
  transportation, and production
• Known as the Market Revolution, people
  increasingly bought and sold goods rather than
  make them for themselves

A 19th century market
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NEW INVENTIONS HELP ECONOMY

• 1837 Samuel Morse invented the Telegraph
• Railroads were becoming faster and more numerous
  by 1830 surpassing canals as 1 means of
  transport
• Robert Fulton invented the Steamboat and by 1830,
  200 were on the Mississippi
• John Deeres Plow and Cyrus McCormicks Reaper
  improved agriculture

By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed
the country
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WORKERS SEEK BETTER CONDITIONS

• In 1834, Lowell, Massachusetts textile workers
  went on strike after their wages were lowered
  one example of the dozens of strikes in the U.S.
  in the 1830s and 1840s
• Several industries formed the National Trade
  Union in 1834 in hopes of bettering their
  conditions

STRIKES AND UNIONS BECAME MORE NUMEROUS AFTER 1830
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REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY SECTION 5

• The Second Great Awakening spread Christianity
  through revival meetings
• Another growing religious group was the
  Unitarians who emphasized reason as path to
  perfection
• Ralph Waldo Emerson was a Unitarian preacher who
  developed Transcendentalism
• These and other religions became the impetus for
  reforming society

RALPH WALDO EMERSON
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THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT

• 1820s Abolitionist movement to free African
  Americans from slavery arose
• Leader was a white radical named William Lloyd
  Garrison
• Abolitionist called for immediate emancipation of
  all slaves

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FREDERICK DOUGLASS AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADER

• Freed slave, Frederick Douglass escaped from
  bandage and became an eloquent abolitionist
  (critic of slavery) leader
• He began an anti-slavery newspaper called,
  Northstar named after the star that guided
  runaway slaves to freedom

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TURNERS REBELLION

• The vast majority of African-Americans were
  enslaved in the South and were subjected to
  constant degradation
• Some rebelled against their condition
• Most famous revolt was led by Virginia slave Nat
  Turner
• Turner led 50 followers in a revolt killing 60
  whites he was caught and executed

Turner plans his rebellion
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WOMEN AND REFORM

• From abolition to education, women worked
  actively in all reform movements
• Throughout the 1800s opportunity for women to
  become educated increased
• 1833 Oberlin College became first coed
  institution

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WOMENS RIGHTS MOVEMENT EMERGES

• Reform movements of the 19th century spurred the
  development of a Womens movement
• For example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
  Mott had both been ardent abolitionists
• In 1848, more than 300 women participated in a
  Womens Right convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y.

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Two pioneers in womens rights Elizabeth Cady
Stanton (left) and Susan B. Anthony