Religious War

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Chapter 5

• Religious War
• And
• State Building

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France

• Saw rise of Huguenots (Protestant Calvinists)
• Made up of many nobility and middle class.
  Rivaled the Catholic monarchy held by Queen
  Catherine de Medici.
• Scattered wars and bloodshed begin in 1562. No
  strength in the central government.

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St.Bartholomews Day Massacre
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Paris,1572

• 3000 Huguenots killed at wedding celebration
• 40 000 killed in next few months. Economic
  devastation ensues.
• Politiques emerge. Moderates from both sides
  looking to end the conflict.

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• 1589, Henry IV takes throne. Huguenot and
  Politique by nature. Converts to Catholicism in
  a public ceremony.
• Paris is worth a mass
• Wars soon end after
• he publishes The Edict
• of Nantes. Guarantees
• Huguenots freedom of
• worship.

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Spain

• Pillar of Catholic strength under Phillip II
• Built on gold from New World
• Controlled area of Netherlands, Italy and areas
  of America
• Began Spains Golden Century

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• Philip II saw himself as a defender of the faith.
  Spain would be responsible for the Catholic
  offensive against Protestantism.
• Resistance emerges in the Netherlands under
  William of Orange. Philip sends the Duke of Alba
  with 10,000 troops to restore order. Heavy taxes
  were introduced, thousands were killed, and land
  was taken. Resistance continues.

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Bruegel, Massacre of the Innocents
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Dutch Independence

• Achieved by 1609

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EnglandElizabeth I
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Elizabeth I

• Daughter of Henry VIII
• Solidified Protestantism in England
• Supporter of Huguenots in the Netherlands
• Angered Pope Pius V- excommunicated her from the
  Church

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Spanish Armada
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• Philip II orders armada catolica to invade
  England and bring an end to the Protestant state.
• 130 ships with 27,000 men sail to England in 1588
• Meet Sir Francis Drake in the English Channel
  with 200 ships.
• Protestant Wind pushes the Armada to unfamiliar
  waters off of Scotland.
• One third of Armada never returns to Spain

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Thirty Years War, 1618-1648

• Fought in mainly in Germany- over 300 political
  units
• Began as religious war between Catholic and
  Lutheran states
• Both sides sought support from other nations
• Complicated by France- Catholic state did not
  support the Catholic reformers because they
  feared a more unified state to their East

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• War involves all of continental Europe
• Fought mainly on German soil
• Brutal methods used- torture, rape, lootings,
  pillaging of lands.
• Treaty reaffirms the Peace of Augsburg and adds
  Calvinism as a legal religion

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Treaty of Westphalia 1648
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Witchcraft
A strange development occurred in the late
sixteenth century respecting witchcraft. Many
thousands were sentenced to die as a result of
being tried as witches.
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Persecution of Witches
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Art Literature

• Shakespeare
• To be or not to bethat is the question
• Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer
• The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune
• Or to take up arms against a sea of troubles,
• And by opposing end them

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Rembrandt
Famous Dutch painter. Many self
portraits. Focus was on civic life of Dutch
people.
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Self Portrait
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Prodigal Son
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Young Girl on Window Sill
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Mannerism
El Greco
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Baroque

• Movement

Ornamentation
Appeal to senses
J. S. Bach- composer Johann Sebastian Bach
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Peter Paul Rubens
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Bacchus
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Don Quixote
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Themes of Don Quixote

• Class and worth
• Loss of Medieval sense of chivalry
• Loss of ideals