Research Ethics

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Tuskegee Study
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Research Ethics

• Ethics matters in academic
  and scientific
  research.
• Study of ethics is no less
  and no more
  important in
  research than in any
  other
  practice that has the
  potential of causing harm
  or
  creating good for others.

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Research Ethics

• Study of ethics
• helps people think more clearly about
  professional expectations
• encourages them to examine assumptions that
  serve as the basis for conventional behavior.
• increased consciousness will translate into more
  ethical action.

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•     Six-part, on-line course
• I. Ethical Issues in Research
•           A. Compliance and Ethics          B.
  Compliance Concepts          C. Ethics Concepts
•     II. Interpersonal Responsibility          A.
  Mentor/Trainee Responsibilities          B.
  Determining Publication Practices and
  Responsible Authorship          C.
  Collaborative Science/Competitive Science
•    

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•     III. Institutional Responsibility         
  A. The Institutional Process Regarding
  Allegations          B. Conflicts of Interest
  and Conflicts of Commitment          C.
  IRB/IACUC
• IV. Professional Responsibility          A.
  Proposing Research          B. Dissemination of
  Findings          C. Peer Review
•     V. Animals in Research
•     VI. Human Participation in Research

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Objectives

• 1). Define and apply basic terms relating to the
  ethical conduct of research
• including research misconduct, fabrication,
  falsification, plagiarism, compliance, ethically
  prohibited behavior, ethically required behavior,
  ethically permitted behavior, and ethically
  encouraged behavior
• 2). Distinguish between compliance and ethics
• 3). Describe minimal requirements for research
  ethics training set forward by the Public Health
  Service (PHS)

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Compliance Terms

• all basic, applied, and demonstration research in
  all fields of science, engineering, and
  mathematics.
• research in economics, education, linguistics,
  medicine, psychology, social sciences,
  statistics, research involving human subjects or
  animals, regardless of originating discipline.
• Research
• "activity designed to test a hypothesis, permit
  conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop
  or contribute to generalized knowledge
  (expressed, for example, in theories, principles,
  and statements of relationships).

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Research Misconduct

• Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in
  proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or
  in reporting research results.
• It does not include honest error or honest
  differences in interpretations or judgments of
  data.

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Fabrication

• Making up data or results and recording or
  reporting them as factual results.

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Falsification

• Manipulating research materials, equipment, or
  processes, or changing or omitting data or
  results such that the research is not accurately
  represented in the research record.

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Research Record

• The record of data or results that
  embody the facts resulting from
  scientific inquiry
• includes, but is not limited to, research
  proposals, laboratory records, both physical and
  electronic, progress reports, abstracts, theses,
  oral presentations, internal reports, and journal
  articles.

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Plagiarism

• The appropriation of another person's ideas,
  processes, results, or words without giving
  appropriate credit
• including those obtained through confidential
  review of others' research proposals and
  manuscripts.

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Findings of Research Misconduct

• requires that the fabrication, falsification, or
  plagiarism be a significant departure from
  accepted practices of the relevant research
  community
• misconduct be committed intentionally, knowingly,
  or recklessly
• the allegation be proven by a preponderance of
  evidence.

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Research Institutions

• All organizations using federal funds for
  research
• including colleges and universities, intramural
  federal research laboratories, federally-funded
  research and development center, national user
  facilities, industrial laboratories, or other
  research institutes.

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Research Institutions

• Independent researchers and small research
  institutions
• Research institutions have the primary
  responsibility for prevention and detection of
  research misconduct

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Research Integrity Officer

• Institutional official responsible for assessing
  allegations of research misconduct.
• Research Integrity Officer at most institutions,
  is the Vice President for Research, or that
  person's designee.

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Legally Required

• This terminology is used to differentiate actions
  that are merely
• in compliance (legally required) from those
  actions that are
• ethically permitted.

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