Beginning%20of%20the%20Cold%20War

1
Beginning of the Cold War

• 1945 to 1953
• Truman Era

2
Major Components of Cold War

• Who will be the new World Power?
• Communism vs Capitalism
• Nuclear Arms Race
• Space Race

3
Aftermath of World War II

• Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
• Joint Occupational Zones in Germany Austria
• US occupied Japan from 1945 to 1952
• US (MacArthur) helps to stabilize Japan by ending
  Japanese militarism and establish political
  economic reforms
• New Constitution adopted in 1947
• Nuremberg Trials (began in Nov. 1945)
• First rulings in Sept 1946 12 death sentences, 7
  jail sentences, 3 acquitted
• International Military Tribunal for the Far East
  (May 46 to Nov 48)
• Prosecuted 20 leaders (including Hideki Tojo
  received death sentence)
• Creation of the United Nations
• Birth of Israel

4
Troubleshooting US SU Tensions

• US GB failed to open up a second front
  immediately during WWII
• SU was kept in the dark about the Atomic Bomb
• US approved of a 3.75 bil. loan to GB in 1946
  (rejected a 6 bil. loan to SU in 1945)
• SU expansion in Eastern Europe (breaking Yalta
  pledge of allowing free elections)
• Different political goals

5
US vs SU Goals

• US wanted to
• Encourage democracy in other countries to help
  prevent rise of new totalitarian govts.
• Gain access to raw materials and markets for its
  booming industries
• Rebuild European govts to ensure stability and to
  create new markets for American goods
• Reunite Germany to lessen bitterness of defeat

• Soviet Union wanted to
• Encourage communism in other countries as apart
  of the worldwide struggle between workers and the
  wealthy
• Transfer to industrial equipment of Eastern
  Europe to the Soviet Union to help rebuild its
  war-ravaged economy
• Control Eastern Europe to balance US influence in
  Western Europe
• Keep Germany divided and weak

6
Soviet Union Expansion Influence from 1945 to
1948

• Soviet Union disenchanted with Allies taking a
  while to establish a second front during WWII
  (strategy discussed again Teheran Conference in
  1943 during WWII)
• Soviet Union breaks agreement made at Yalta
  Conference in Feb 1945 (free elections) and
  expands to establish buffer zone (eastern Europe)
• Potsdam Conference in July, 1945- Truman
  unsuccessful in stopping Stalins aggression and
  expansion

7
Truman Cold War

• Truman Doctrine
• Influenced by George Kennans Containment policy
  Churchill's Iron Curtain
• Iron Curtain Speech- warned Americans of Soviet
  expansion (May 1946)
• Containment- prevent the spread of Communism
  (Kennan, an American Diplomat from Moscow, warned
  US that SU sought to expand its empire)
• It must be the policy of the US to support free
  peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation
  by armed minorities or by outside pressures
• Set precedent for US foreign policy throughout
  the Cold War

8
Marshall Plan

• March 1947 to 1950- 400 million to Turkey and
  Greece (Civil Economic Distress Internal
  Conflict)
• Feb 1948- Marshall Plan
• Allocated 12.5 billion over 4 years to 16
  cooperating countries
• Debated in Congress until SU took over
  Czechoslovakia in Feb
• Eastern European pressured not to take money from
  US by SU

9
(No Transcript)
10
Berlin Airlift (1948)

• West Germany created by US, France, and GB (Bonn
  becomes Capital)
• SU cuts off food and supplies into West Berlin
  (over 2.1 million hostages)
• Massive airlift by US GB
• 327 days
• 277,000 flights
• 2.3 mil. tons of supplies (Food, Fuel, Medicine,
  etc.
• Blockade lifted in May 1948
• Reason for NATO

11
(No Transcript)
12
NATO

• Created on April 4, 1949 by 12 countries
• US, France, GB, Italy, Belgium Netherlands,
  Luxemburg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland,
  and Canada (later Turkey, Greece and WG by 1954)
• First major peacetime alliance joined by US
• Led to WARSAW Pact, established in 50s

13
Communist China

• Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) vs Communists (Mao
  Zedong)
• US sent 2 bil. worth of military supplies
  equipment to Nationalists but no US troops
• Should have the US done more?
• Nationalists fled to Formosa (Taiwan) in 1949
• Major blow to US capitalists

14
Korean War

• North Korea (Communists led by Kim Il Sung) vs.
  South Korea (Syngman Rhee)
• 38th parallel divides Korea after WWII
• June 25 1950- NK invades SK
• UN Security Council supports military aid to SK
• Back and forth over 38th parallel
• August 1950- NK captures Seoul and push to Pusan
• Sept to Oct 1950- SK push into NK and take
  Pyongyang and advance to Yalu River
• Nov 1950 to Jan 1951- Chinese intervene and push
  SK to 38th parallel
• MacArthur (No substitutions for victory) vs
  Truman (Limited War) Controversy led to
  MacArthurs Dismissal in April 1951
• Negotiations for peace begin in July 1951
• Cease Fire on July 27 1953 (Eisenhower)

15
(No Transcript)
16
Results of Korean War

• Stalemate 38th parallel
• Over 50,000 US soldiers dead over 20 billion in
  cost for US
• Over 3,000 other UN soldiers dead
• Approx. 100,000 UN US soldiers wounded
• 2 million civilians dead
• Over 1.5 million NK, SK, and Chinese dead
• Loss of support for Democratic Party
• Increased fear of Communist aggression and
  prompted a hunt for spies on whom to blame
  Communist gains

17
Communist Hysteria at Home

• Hysteria caused by
• Communist Party Popularity (80,000 during WWII)
• Soviet A-bomb in 1949
• Spread of Communism around the World
• Similar Consequences of WWI (Red Scare)
• War w/ Korea from 1950 to 1953
• and

18
Hydrogen Bomb

• First tested in Enewetak, Marshall Islands in
  November,1952
• Mike
• Approx. 1,000 to 6,000 times more powerful than
  Atomic Bomb
• Mushroom Cloud spread 100 miles wide 25 miles
  high
• Comparable Million tons of TNT
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vJgi7WgB05Jo

19

• Warheads as of 2005
• Soviet Union 16,000
• United States 10,350
• China 400
• France 350
• Great Britain 200
• Israel 200
• Pakistan 35
• India 30
• North Korea 8
• South Africa 5

20
Nuclear Testing - 1945 to 1998 2,050 Tests (528
Atmospheric, 1522 Underground)
http//www.batguano.com/nuclear/nuctesting.html
21
(No Transcript)
22
Communist Hysteria at Home

• HUAC reorganized in 1945
• Suspicious Communism in Hollywood and New Deal
  supporters
• Hollywood Ten (1947)
• Led to blacklists (over 500 actors, writers,
  producers, directors which led to career being
  ruined)
• National Security Act (1947)
• Creation of Department of Defense
• Creation of the Central Intelligence Agency
  National Security Council
• Loyalty Review Board established in 1947
  (Executive Order 9835)
• Investigated more than 3.2 mil. federal employees
  from 1947 to 1951
• Approx. 3,000 resigned 212 fired
• Loyalty Oaths used
• McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
• Vetoed by Truman In a free country, we punish
  men for the crimes they commit, but never for the
  opinions they hold
• Against rise of communist ideals in US
• Required communist-front organizations to
  register w/ attorney general

23
Alger Hiss Rosenbergs Trial

• Alger Hiss Trial (1948)
• Former Communist Spy Whitaker Chambers accused
  Hiss for spying for SU
• Pumpkin Papers
• Hiss convicted of Perjury (5 yrs in Prison)
• Rosenbergs Trial (1949)
• 1950- GB physicists Klaus Fauchs admits giving SU
  info. about how to construct an atomic bomb
  implicated Ethel Julius as providing the info.
• Rosenbergs insisted that they were being
  persecuted because they were Jewish
• Found guilty given death penalty (electric
  chair in 1953) judge labeled their crime as
  worse than murder

24
McCarthyism

• McCarthy Era (1950 to 1954)
• Senator Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin)
• 57, 81, 205 Names on the List?
• Unsupported Accusations of State Department
  accusations against Democratic Party (guilty of
  20 years of treason for allowing Communist
  infiltration US Army 1954)
• After 1954 televised hearing against US Army, he
  was censured by the Senate in 1954
• Arthur Millers The Crucible (1953)

25
Nuclear Anxiety

• Billy Graham (Evangelists)
• Urged Americans to turn to God
• Church membership grew rapidly
• One Nation under God added to Pledge In God
  We Trust to Coins
• Civil Defense Administration
• Began to educate public on what to do in case of
  nuclear attacks
• Duck and Cover Drills
• Construction of Fallout Shelters
• Include flashlights, first-aid kit, battery
  radio, portable toilet, two-week supply of food,
  and water
• Organization of SANE (Committee for Sane Nuclear
  Policy) by Benjamin Spock in 1957

26
https//www.youtube.com/watch?v89od_W8lMtA
27
(No Transcript)