The Cold War Begins 1945 - 1960

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The Cold War Begins1945 - 1960

• Mao Zedong
• Formosa
• China in the United Nations
• Korea (SP)
• June 25, 1950
• General MacArthur
• Quick Breakdown of Korean War (Wkst)
• Korean War Basics
• Limited War
• 1952 Election
• Red Scare
• Atlantic Charter
• Arms Race
• Loyalty Review Boards (sp)
• House of Un-American Activities Committee
• Hollywood 10
• Alger Hiss
• The Rosenbergs 1953
• Senator Joseph McCarthy

• Post WWII Information (SP)
• Satellite Nations
• The Cold War 1945 1991
• Causes of the Cold War
• Differences Democracy v. Communism (Wkst.)
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
• Stalin Violated Yalta
• Containment
• Division of Europe
• Iron Curtain Speech
• Truman Doctrine 1947
• Marshall Plan 1947 (SP)
• Germany Divided
• Stalins Blockade of Berlin
• Berlin Airlift 1948 - 1949
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
• Relations with Japan
• Chinas Problems

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Thursday

• Grab the usual
• Were starting G11 today
• Lots to do

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The Cold War (11.01)

• Happy Tuesday ignore the dates on the reading
  schedulepay attention to announcements
• Rough drafts will be returned Thursday
  however,

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Cold War 1945 - 1991

• Conflict between the USA USSR without actual
  war
• The USA USSR never went to war with each other
  during this time
• Conflict over the goals each country hoped to
  achieve in E. Europe
• USA Spread Democracy (free trade)
• USSR Spread Communism act as a buffer
• Ends in 1991 with the fall of the Soviet Union

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Differences Democracy v. Communism

• Democracy (USA)
• Self-Determination Want all nations to freely
  choose their type of government
• Political, economical social freedom
• Rebuild European governments like a Democracy
• Get new markets raw materials
• Rebuild Europe with American materials
  equipment
• Reunite Germany
• Could help Europe become successful

• Communism (USSR)
• Spread Communism to continue the struggle between
  the rich poor
• USSR sees USA as the rich
• Control E. Europe to prevent American influence
• USA ideals are bad
• Rebuild Europe using Soviet materials equipment
• Keep Germany divided weak
• Might prevent another German attack

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Stalin Violated Yalta

• At Yalta, Stalin agreed to let countries in E.
  Europe hold free elections
• This would allow these countries to choose
  their leaders on the road to Democracy
• Stalin didnt stick to his word prevented
  free elections in Poland
• He was very involved in the election process
  used scare tactics to vote how he wanted them to
• After elections, he had great influence over
  what these countries did how they were governed
• As a result, Poland became a Communist country
• Other nations in E. Europe became Communist
  also
• Satellite Nations

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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

• In this agreement, Germany USSR wouldnt attack
  each other split Poland
• Hitler violated this in 1941 when he attacked the
  Soviet Union
• USA angry that Stalin had been an ally of Hitler
  during the early stages of the war
• Each side began to suspect each other during the
  war
• USA thought USSR might be spying for Hitler
• USSR angry the USA delayed its attack in Europe
• Because of this pact, the USA never trusted the
  USSR Stalin

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Satellite Nations

• After WWII, tensions begin to escalate between
  the USA USSR
• President Truman wanted to spread democracy to
  all European countries that were once under Nazi
  control
• USA in economic boom after WWII, we need Europe
  for raw materials trade ()
• Stalin occupied Eastern Europe wanted to keep
  it to protect itself from future attacks
• Not allowing Truman to spread Democracy
• Satellite Nations Countries in E. Europe under
  Stalins control
• They had Communist govts.
• Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
  Romania, Yugoslavia Poland

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Division of Europe

• Europe was literally divided into East West
  Europe
• West Democratic under American influence
• East Communist under Soviet influence
• Iron Curtain Term used by Churchill to describe
  the division of Europe
• Known as the Iron Curtain speech - Churchill was
  speaking in the USA on progress in Europe
• Stalin was insulted by this comment said it was
  a call to war

Everything East of the red line is under Soviet
Control
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Containment

• Trumans foreign policy after WWII
• Originally focused on Europe, but later spilled
  to a global effort (ie Vietnam)
• Prevent the spread of Communism
• Truman wanted to stop babying the Soviets

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Truman Doctrine 1947

• Gave military aid to any country in Europe
  fighting Communism
• Turkey Greece 1st to get help
• Given 400 million to ensure Communism would not
  take over those countries
• Supports containment
• Economic military aid
• Very Controversial Some did not like the US
  getting more involved in European affairs
• Worried this might lead to another European war

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Marshall Plan 1947

• Condition in Europe worse than during war harsh
  winter, rationing electricity
• Proposed by Sec. of State George Marshall
• Gave economic aid to European countries who
  agreed to trade with each other
• Economic rebuilding of Europe
• Communist countries did not participate (not
  trading with Democratic nations)
• Why are we doing this?
• Communism less appealing after the plans success

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Eisenhower Doctrine

• The US would defend any country in the Middle
  East from Communist attacks
• Just like the Truman Doc., but in the Middle
  East

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Deficit Spending

• Policy of spending more money than the government
  makes
• Used by John F. Kennedy to build up
  strengthened the military
• Military needed to support containment efforts

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Brinkmanship

• Believed the Cold War was a moral crusade against
  Communism
• The US could improve containment if it threatened
  full military force
• Ex nuclear weapons against Communist countries
• Massive Retaliation
• The USSR responded in kind to this policy
• US Military under Brinkmanship Eisenhower
  trimmed the Army Navy, but beefed up the Air
  Force
• Air Force could drop bombs

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A Germany Divided

• As per Yalta, Germany was divided into 4 zones
  US, USSR, Britain France
• US, France Britain unified W. Germany making
  Stalin nervous
• How did Stalin feel about the unification of
  Germany?
• Soviets controlled E. Germany
• Berlin is capital of Germany also divided into
  4 zones
• Berlin was in E. Germany
• After W. Germany was unified, Stalin was not
  obligated to allow the USA, French or English to
  send supplies to their citizens/troops in W.
  Berlin

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Stalins Blockade of W. Berlin 1948

• Stalin closed the road to Berlin to prevent the
  Allies from getting supplies to W. Berlin
• No food, medicine, fuel, etc.
• Residents of W. Berlin had only enough supplies
  to last 5 weeks
• Stalin wanted total control of Berlin

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Berlin Airlift 1948-1949

• Result of Soviet blockade
• US Planes dropped supplies into W. Berlin for
  327 days to break the Soviet blockade
• Only reason W. Berlin survived
• Made USA look good USSR look bad

• W. Germany unified declared a new country
• Stalin lifted blockade in 1949, but kept
  control of W. Berlin
• Increased European fear of Soviet aggression

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The Airlift
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Relations with Japan

• US needs a good relationship with Japan for 2
  reasons
• Trade
• Containment

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Chinas Problems

• China was involved in a civil war when Japan
  invaded in 1937
• Nationalists Communist united to fight
  against Japanese
• After the war, the civil war in China resumed

• Chiang Kai-Shek Leader of the Chinese
  Nationalists (non-Communist)
• Supported by US in WWII
• Struggled with inflation weak economy
• Very mean to his people after the war

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Mao Zedong

• Leader of Communist revolution in China
• Opponent of Chiang Kai-Shek
• China became a Communist country after the civil
  war
• Truman is blamed for losing China to Communism
  looks bad
• Some even thought it was because the US govt.
  was riddled with Communists
• Mao forced the Nationalists to move to the island
  of Formosa (modern day Taiwan)
• Getting rid of political opposition

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Korean War 1950 - 1953

• Korea divided after WWII at the 38th Parallel
• North Communist
• South Democratic
• N. Korea invades S. Korea
• The US supports S. Korea because they are
  democratic
• Douglas MacArthur leads the UN forces in Korea
• Korea is a UN police action
• Armistice Fighting stops on July 27, 1953
• Korea is a limited war because no nuclear weapons
  were used

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Korean War Basics

• The Korean War is considered an UN Police action,
  not an American war
• No official declaration of war
• Most UN soldiers were American
• 54,000 Americans died cost 67 billion
• USA was so involved in this war because of
  containment
• Often called Americas Forgotten War
• Veterans didnt get a memorial until 1995
• Korea was a limited war
• No use of nuclear weapons

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The Middle East

• The Suez Crisis The USA USSR are trying to
  build the Suez Canal
• Trying to improve relations with countries in the
  Middle East (oil shipping)
• Gamal Abdel-Nasser, the head of Egypts govt.,
  was making deals with both the USA USSR
• To USSR US gave us 50 million, what will you
  give us etc.
• Dulles finds out about deals pulls the US deal
  off the table angering Nasser
• Nasser closed the Suez Canal to Western shipping,
  which also affected Israel
• This was owned by France England!!!
• Israel, France England sent troops occupied
  the Mediterranean side of the Suez Canal
• The UN stepped in talked both sides down
• The USA USSR almost went to war over Egypt!!!

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The Middle East (Contd)

• Significance of the Middle East
• Religion
• Natural Resources oil
• Sphere of Influence
• The USSR looked good to people in the Middle East
  because it supported Egypt in the Suez Crisis
• The Middle East was in the Soviet sphere of
  influence this scared the US!!!!

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Cuba

• Fidel Castro led a rebellion in Cuba took
  control in 1959
• New Communist leader of Cuba friend with the
  USSR
• Ike was still President was planning a coup in
  Cuba to get Castro out he was out of office
  before he had the change to apply it
• JFK was advised of the plan used it
• Castro had taken over US holdings in Cuba land,
  oil refineries, sugar companies etc.

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April 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Failed attempt to overthrow Castro in Cuba, led
  by the US
• The US aided 1400 Cuban exiles for an invasion of
  Cuba, nothing went right
• The US led air strike failed to knock out all the
  air force, advance groups sent to distract Castro
  never showed, CIA intelligence was wrong, the
  exiles were poorly trained ..
• Over 90 people were killed others taken
  prisoner some were US citizens
• This failure embarrassed the US JFK
• JFK had to negotiate the release of some of the
  prisoners paid 53 million dollars in food
  supplies as ransom

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1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

• A year later, another crisis emerged in Cuba
• U-2 spy plane found missile bases in Cuba ready
  to launch missiles that could hit any city in the
  US
• The USSR supported Cuba were sending missiles
  to them
• Lasted about a week war seemed likely between
  the US USSR
• This was the most dangerous part of JFKs foreign
  policy actions
• JFK set up blockade aroudn Cuba threatened to
  bomb USSR if they didnt pull back - The Soviets
  backed down

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Berlin (Again!!) 1961

• West Berlin was prosperous the East was not
• West democratic, free trade, participates in
  Marshall Plan etc.
• East Communist, no free trade, no Marshall plan
  etc.
• People were fleeing E. Berlin to W. Berlin the
  Soviets didnt like that it showed Communism
  wasnt as good as they said
• 3 million people had fled to the west in 3 years
• The Soviets tried to intimidate JFK esp. after
  the Bay of Pigs

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Berlin WallRemember, Remember the 9th of November

• August 1961 Soviets move troops along border of
  Berlin
• Within days, a wall begins to be constructed to
  divide Berlin (east from west)
• Berlin Wall Separated E. W. Berlin
• Lasted until Nov. 9, 1989

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NATONorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Created in 1949 in response to the Berlin
  blockade
• Fear of Communist aggression
• Defensive military alliance against Communism
  an attack on one is an attack on all
• 12 members USA, Canada, most of W. Europe
• If USSR attacked a member nation, the other
  members would come to its aid
• Some feared this would lead to an arms race
  between the USA USSR, a massive military
  build up in Europe
• By 1955, NATO had over 500,000 troops tons of
  equipment

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WARSAW PACT

• USSR Eastern European alliance against
  Democracy
• Similar to NATO
• Created in response to NATO
• When Hungary attempted to back out, Stalin
  invaded with tanks, killing over 30,000 people
  (1956)

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China in the United Nations

• The UN recognized Formosa as China because it
  wasnt Communist

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Election of 1952

• US has an election year in the midst of the
  Korean conflict internal problems
• Republican Eisenhower
• Democrat Stevenson
• Eisenhower (R) wins in a landslide
• Nixon VP
• Main Issue Fighting containing Communism
• Democrats seen as soft of Communism
• Truman lost China
• The people who know war, those who have
  experienced, I believe are the most earnest
  advocates of peace in the world.
• Eisenhower did support the war in Korea

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Red Scare

• Fear of Communism Communists after WWII
• Similar to the one experienced after WWI
• Created hysteria
• Causes
• USSR exploded its 1st A-Bomb in 1949
• Differences in Democracy Communism

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The Rosenbergs 1953

• Many scientists thought it would take the USSR 5
  years to explode a nuclear weapon
• It happened in 1949 we feared spies!!
• British physicists Klaus Fuchs admitted giving
  secrets to the Rosenbergs
• Fuchs spent 14 years in jail
• The Rosenbergs were accused of giving atomic bomb
  secrets to the Soviets
• Found guilty sentenced to death (1953)
• 1st civilians to be executed for espionage
• Julius later proven guilty, wife was not involved

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ARMS RACE
US USSR race to build the most powerful
bombs/weapons Both countries will build a massive
stockpile of weapons, including nuclear
weapons!! Scares the bajeebes out of everyone
Whos going to bomb who first?
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Loyalty Review Boards

• Created by Truman in 1947
• Investigated federal employees got rid of those
  found disloyal to the American govt.
• Looking to see if you belonged to the Communist
  Party or any other organization that seemed
  suspicious.
• Endless questioning.
• During the Depression, people looked for
  alternatives because Democracy seemed to be
  failing
• Violated Civil Rights by not allowing the accused
  to see the evidence against them
• 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th Amendments

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House Un-American Activities Committee

• Created on a temp. basis to monitor foreign
  delegates full time in 1945
• Investigated Soviet influence on American popular
  culture
• Movies, music, literature, art etc.
• Attacked the movie industry accused them of
  sneaking Soviet propaganda into films
• Duh, the Soviets were our allies in WWII, of
  course the movies made at the time showed the in
  a positive way!
• Began questioning movie stars, producers,
  directors etc.
• Some were cooperative others were not
• To get off the hook, all you had to do was give
  them a name, it didnt matter whose name, just a
  name

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Hollywood Ten

• Those involved with the propaganda movies were
  seen as traitors questioned
• Movie stars accused of being Communists refused
  to help the HUACs investigation
• Thought the investigation hearings were
  unconstitutional
• The ten were convicted served at least one year
  in prison
• Most were blacklisted never worked in Hollywood
  again

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Spies Like Us

• 2 major spies cases fueled the hysteria
• Alger Hiss State Dept. official accused of
  spying for the Soviets
• Richard Nixon helped lead attack on Hiss, who
  maintained his innocence until his death
• Too many years passed since the incident, so he
  was only charged with perjury served a few
  years in jail
• In early 1990s, Soviets released papers proving
  Hiss guilt

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Are you now, or have you ever been, a member of
the Communist Party?-Wisconsin Senator Joe
McCarthy chairing the HUAC

• Senator Joseph McCarthy amplified the Red Scare
  in the 1950s
• Began accusing various people of Communist
  activities
• I have in my hand a list of 50 Communists who
  work for the State Dept.
• Unsupported accusations, but won national
  following
• Censored in Dec. 1954 after accusing Army
  officials - Ike doesnt like
• Career fails

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McCarthyism

• Named after Senator Joseph McCarthy
• Nickname for the tactics used by McCarthy
• Unsupported accusation of being a Communist
  sympathizer
• Accusing people of disloyalty without proof
• Dragging their name through the mud, ruining
  lives reputations etc.
• McCarthy probably would have accused his own
  mother if it would have helped his career
• He was hoping to run for President

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11/1/52 Operation Ivy
H-BOMB

• US USSR still racing to produce more
  destructive weapons
• 1952 US exploded 1st hydrogen (thermonuclear)
  bomb 67 times more powerful than A-bombs
• US had weapons superiority over USSR until 1953
  when the Soviets exploded their own H-Bomb

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CIA Central Intelligence Agency

• After WWII, the US needed to know what was going
  on in Europe
• Justification for creating CIA in 1947 by Truman
• Intelligence agency that used spies to find out
  what was going on in other countries, especially
  Communist countries or those thought sympathetic
  to Communism
• Used secret operations to weaken other countries
• Ie Iran US gave money to supporters of the
  Shah to get him into power so he would allow
  Western countries control of Irans oil fields
  (More problems will arise from this action in the
  future!!)

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Space Race

• Race between the USA USSR to get to the moon
• Sputnik First artificial satellite in space
  launched by the USSR in 1957
• US feels inferior to Soviets fall behind in
  science technology
• American Education Changed to focus more on
  math, sciences foreign languages
• Response to the Space Race
• SCARES EVERYONE (US USSR)

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Busted!

• U-2 Incident (1960)
• US spy plane shot down over Soviet territory
• Ike wanted to stop mission as Cold War seemed to
  be tapering off, encouraged to do 1 more
• Gary Powers shot down by Soviets 5/1/60 (May Day)
• Ike admitted to spying
• Powers convicted served 2 years, released in
  spy exchange
• Heated tension between US USSR

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What Else is Happening?

• Alaska Hawaii become states in 1959

• NASA established under Ike