The Early Republic, 1789-1815

1
The Early Republic, 1789-1815

• Federalist Era 1789-1800 (within larger
  historical era)
• Dominated politics
• Hatred of political parties/ but still emerged
• Fiscal military state vs. rural agricultural
  state
• By 1815 (historian Gordon S. Wood)
• Culture popularized and vulgarized
• End of slavery in North/ remained in South
• Wanted to avoid war/ became embroiled in war

2
The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809

• Personal
• Spoke six languages
• Copy of Quran (1764- 2 volume)
• Widowed
• Conflicted about slavery
• Opposed slave trade/only freed seven of hundreds
  of slaves/anti-Black sentiment
• 6,487 books- sold to Library of Congress
• 1819- Founded the University of Virginia.
• Political Agenda Overview
• Promotion of political democracy and expansion
• Yeoman farmer/ artisans, tradesman
• Political democracyeconomically independent
  citizenry
• Decrease Executive branch
• Legal precedent Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
  Judicial review
• Foreign Policy
• Impulse Expansion vs. Avoiding War
• Haiti, Napoleon, and the Louisiana Purchase
• Barbary States (North Africa)
• Embargo Act (1807)

3
Social Ideologies of Thomas Jefferson

• Social
• Education
• Amendment/ failed
• Six goals of Education
• Jeffersonian Democracy
• Narrow interpretation of Constitution
• Opposed Federalist Party supported
• The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth
• Razor and glue. New Testament
• 1803 Letter about convo with Dr. Benjamin Rush
  (Natchez, MS)
• Composed it for himself
• Notes of the State of Virginia. (1785)
• Inherent inferiority OR Decades of degrading
  enslavement.
• Anti-Slavery Actions vs. Anti-Black Thought
• 1778- Virginia/ prohibit importation of slaves
• 1785-publically silent

4
A Hideous Monster of the Mind American Race
Theory in the Early Republic

• Anti-slavery/Pro-Black Thought
• English abolitionist- Granville Sharp
• American abolitionist- Lemuel Haynes
• Alaudah Equiano and John Marrant
• Phillis Wheatley
• Emergence of Race Theory
• Assumptions of fundamental variations in humanity
  (physiology)
• Protection of social institutions Exclusion from
  social contract and civil society.
• Differences rooted in Nature. Nature itself was
  cast as the enemy of Black freedom.
• Undid 18th century abolitionism (End of slave
  trade vs. acceptance into society)
• Ideology- served as a way to remove Blacks from
  American society. Blackness becomes innate.
• Development Via
• Political thought, natural science, moral
  philosophy, responses to Haitian revolution,
  colonization to Liberia, abolitionism, and
  ethnology.

5
Setting the PrecedentJudicial Review, One Big
Land Purchase, and the Corps of Discovery

• Judicial Review
• Marbury v. Madison
• Problematic John Adams Federalist Midnight
  judges.
• Federalist Judge ruled against government
• End Result Judicial Review.
• Prohibit actions of other two branches if
  contradict Constitution.
• The Louisiana Purchase
• Men of the Western Waters
• Napoleons Plans for Louisiana
• Jeffersons Plan to Secure Louisiana
• The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Corps of Discovery
• Sacajawea
• Incorporating Louisiana

6
Pirates in the Mediterranean Northwest African
Berber Muslim states and the United States

• Setting the Stage The Berbers in North Africa
• The Barbary States Tripoli, Algiers,
  MoroccoPiracy of Mediterranean shipping
• Extort ransom, pillage, enslavement of crews
• U.S.- No Navy/ Tribute to Barbary states
• Spain 1784 suggested to offer tribute
• Envoys to Morocco and Algeria
• Peace treaty 12 June 1786 ended all Moroccan
  piracy/ Article 6/ Morocco
• Algeria 25 July 1785- capture of schooners Maria
  and Dauphin
• Captive for a decade. 600,000 each state
• 1795 release of 115 sailors, over 1 million
  dollars
• Jefferson refusal 1801. Pasha of Tripoli,
  225,000/cut down flagstaff
• The First Barbary War 1801-1805
• Second Barbary War 1815. Algerian War, Ottoman
  Empire

7
Gossip and Conspiracies in the Early Republic

• The Case of Sally Hemings (The Revolutionary
  Period)
• Biracial Enslaved Elizabeth Hemings and English
  Captain John Hemings
• 1774 property of Thomas Jefferson
• Paris, 1787.
• Six children
• Was not emancipated.
• The Burr Conspiracy A Treasonous Cabal and Texas
  Territory
• 1805-1806 Travels to Texas Territory (Spanish).
• Planters, Politicians, Army Officials. Plans in
  Newspaper, August 1805.
• Arrest 1806.
• Trial Charge of Treason. Not Guilty
• Lack of Evidence
• Legacy
• Privilege Executive and States
• Independence of Investigation
• Subpoenas Issue of release of papers
• Executive independent of Judiciary
• President Subject to Law

8
European Harassment and An Embargo

• Harassment by Britain
• Contest for world power 1791-1815
• Seized American citizens and property
• Impressment 2nd Jefferson Administration
• 1795 Jay Treaty Did not address this issue
• Forcibly seizing ships and sailors to work in
  Royal Navy
• American warship the USS Chesapeake
• Growing pressure for war
• Embargo Act of 1807
• Prohibited all foreign commerce/respect of
  American rights
• Failed to compel
• Jefferson-hypocrite- foe of excessive
  government/U.S. Navy patrols
• Stimulated domestic manufacturing
• Repealed Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

9
Presidency of James Madison, 1809-1817

• Characteristics
• 4th president War and Domestic Policy
• Term dominated by tensions with Britain
• Pressured towards war with Great Britain- War of
  1812
• (Theatre of Napoleonic Wars)
• Domestic Problems War-hawks, the Indigenous,
  Frontier
• Era of Good Feelings
• Indigenous Policies
• Paternalistic
• Protected indigenous lands (military commander
  Andrew Jackson)
• Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)- Indiana Territory
  and Tecumseh
• Economic Policies
• Congress failed to re-authorize charter of first
  Bank of America
• 1816- signed act/ federal bank supported war
• Taxation tariffs, professional military,
  internal improvements (Henry Clay)
• Vetoed Bonus Bill of 1817 financed roads,
  bridges, canals

10
The War of 1812

• Causes
• Violation of American Rights Increased British
  navy aggression
• U.S. neutral- against international law
• Royal Nay boarded ships/Impressed its seamen
• Expansion
• British armed indigenous in Northwest Territory
  to create buffer zone
• Economic Motivations
• Unfinished business from American Revolution
• War or Absolute submission
• Incidents
• 1807 HMS Leopard boarded American warship USS
  Chesapeake
• Leander Affair Jefferson banned ships in ports
• Napoleons Continental System (1806) and British
  Orders in Council (1807)
• 900 American ships seized- 1807-1812
• 1 June 1812 Madison outlines grievances against
  Britain

11
Course of War of 1812

• Course of War
• Land, Coasts, and Waterways
• The War in the South
• Creek War Andrew Jackson (1813-1814)
• Began as Civil War within Creek Nation
• Red Sticks
• Battle of Burnt Corn U.S. Involvement
• Tecumseh
• Red Sticks
• Fort Mims Massacre massacre against whites and
  biracial Creeks
• Treaty of 1814 Language. 20 million acres of
  Georgia land
• Battle of New Orleans
• The War in the Chesapeake
• British response to burning of York in Upper
  Canada
• Burned White House in 1814
• Francis Scott Key The Star Spangled Banner

12
Dolley Madison and Washington City

• National Capital
• Land given by Maryland
• Jefferson Dismal Indian swamp
• Dolley Madison
• 17 years younger
• Social graces and hospitality
• Stand-in for First Lady of Jefferson
• Architect Benjamin Latrobe
• Burning of Washington, 1814
• Statue of George Washington
• Organized enslaved to save valuables
• Paul Jennings James Madisons personal servant
  (15 years old)
• Purchased freedom from Dolley Madison
• Reconstruction
• 2009 Jennings reunion/ Enslaved Contributions/
  White House

13
Treaty of Ghent 24 December 1814

• Key Points
• Conditions of pre-war status
• Arranged prior to Battle of New Orleans
• Status quo antebellum
• Released all prisoners
• Restored all war lands and boats
• British- return of freed Black slaves