Fig. 15-CO (a), p. 402

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The Pacific World
Fig. 15-CO (a), p. 402
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Table 15-1, p. 404
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Fig. 15-1, p. 405
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Fig. 15-3a, p. 406
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Fig. 15-3b, p. 406
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Fig. 15-4, p. 407
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Fig. 15-5a, p. 407
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Fig. 15-5b, p. 407
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Fig. 15-7, p. 408
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• 3 Types of Pacific Islands
• Continental were connected to continents in
  past (New Guinea, Australia, main islands of
  Fiji)
• High Islands mostly volcanic (Parts of Tahiti,
  Hawaii)
• Low Islands coral islands (Tuvalu and Marshall
  Islands)

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Aitutaki, Cook Islands
Tavarua, Fiji
Fig. 15-9, p. 409
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Fig. 15-11, p. 412
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European Colonization
Cook Discovered Tahiti, Hawaii, New Zealand,
Australia, others. (Click for journal entries)

• Colonization brought
• Disease and alcohol
• Christianity
• Cash Crop Plantations

HMS Resolution
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Table 15-2, p. 413
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Figure 15-B, p. 414
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Island Environmental Issues

• Sensitive Ecology isolation caused evolution of
  thousands of unique, but fragile species
• Invasive Species introduced species (cats,
  mongooses, dogs, snakes, rats) devastating local
  critters
• Mining and Atomic Testing
• U.S., French, and Australian Military Bases
  Nuclear Warships

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Nauru devastated by phosphate mining
Fig. 15-12, p. 418
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Hawaiian Birds devastated by introduced
species and habitat loss Of Hawaii's 88 historic
and prehistoric land bird species, 68 percent or
60 species are now extinct.
Po ouli Bird 1973 - discovered 1974 - added to
Endangered Species List December,2004 - last one
dies in captivity
Some of the many other extinct Hawaiian birds
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Bikini Atoll U.S. Atomic Bomb Test, 1956
Figure 15-D, p. 420
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Pacific Island Economies

• In Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia,poor
  countries are the majority
• Tourism
• Cash crops
• Military services and bases
• Fish exports
• Mineral Exports
• Mining and Atomic Testing
• Manufacturing (clothing) limited to Fiji and Cook
  Islands.

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Pacific Island Economies

• Australia, New Zealand
• Developed market economies
• Services (Finance, Insurance, Media) especially
  in Australia
• Agriculture (wine, wheat, sheep, cattle, venison,
  antler felt) especially important in New
  Zealand
• Tourism in both countries
• Mineral Exports in Australia

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Pacific Island Political Issues

• Indigenous Rights
• Fiji unrest between Indo-Fijians and Ethnic
  Fijians
• 2004 Coup
• Hawaii
• Demands for land and political power by native
  Hawaiians
• New Caledonia
• Continuing independence efforts against French
  Rule
• Bougainvilles (Australian colony) Revolutionary
  Army (BRA) fought Papua New Guinea between
  1988-1998 for independence
• 20,000 of 200,000 died in war

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SUMMARY
The Pacific World region (often called Oceania)
encompasses Australia, New Zealand, and the
islands of the mid-Pacific lying mostly between
the tropics. Tropical rain forest climates and
biomes are most common, but Australia and New
Zealand have several temperate climate and biome
types. The Pacific islands are commonly
divided into three principal regions Melanesia,
Micronesia, and Polynesia. The Pacific World
is ethnically complex, having been settled by
people with various Asian origins. Polynesia was
the last to be populated. Papua New Guinea is the
worlds most linguistically diverse country.
Christianity is the majority faith in this
region. Although countless islands are
scattered across the Pacific Ocean, there are
three generally recognized types continental
islands, high islands, and low islands.
Continental islands are either continents
themselves (such as Australia) or were connected
to continents when sea levels were lower (such as
New Guinea). Most high islands are volcanic. Low
islands are typically made of coral, a material
composed of the skeletons and living bodies of
small marine organisms that inhabit tropical
seas.
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SUMMARY
The island ecosystems of the Pacific region are
typically inhabited by endemic plant and animal
speciesspecies found nowhere else in the world.
Island species are especially vulnerable to the
activities of humankind such as habitat
destruction, deliberate hunting, or the
introduction of exotic plant and animal
species. Europeans began to visit and colonize
the Pacific islands early in their Age of
Exploration and brought mainly negative impacts
to island societies. However, a steady process of
decolonization has accompanied a recent surge of
Western interest and investment in the
region. There are ethnic conflicts, related
mainly to maldistribution of income, between
Malaitans and indigenous Guadalcanalans on the
Melanesian island of Guadalcanal, and between
indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians on Fiji.
Interest in securing more income from minerals
has pitted the people of New Caledonia against
the ruling power, France, and the people of
Bougainville against Australian corporate
interests in Papua New Guinea.
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SUMMARY
Aside from a few notable exceptions, the
poverty typical of less developed countries
prevails throughout most of the Pacific
region. In general, the Pacific islands
economic picture is one of nonindustrial
economies. Typical economic activities include
tourism, plantation agriculture, mining, and
income derived from activities connected with the
military needs of occupying powers. Several
countries are profiting from offshore banking and
1-900 telemarketing. During the 1940s and
1950s, the United States used the Bikini atoll in
the Marshall Islands as one of its chief testing
grounds for nuclear weapons. Strong negative
reaction arose throughout the region in the 1990s
as the French resumed underground testing of
nuclear weapons on the Mururoa atoll in French
Polynesia. That testing has since ceased. The
United States relies on the region for testing of
its Star Wars missile technology. Many
inhabitants of French and American military zones
are fearful of the economic impacts that might
accompany the withdrawal of military
presence. Some of the low island countries are
fearful that global warming might create higher
sea levels that will inundate them, and Tuvalu
considered legal recourse against the United
States and Australia for failing to ratify the
Kyoto Protocol.