Major groups of kingdom plantae

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(No Transcript)
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Multicellular Algae

• Characteristic 1
• Live in/near water sources

http//www.eplantscience.com/botanical_biotechnolo
gy_biology_chemistry/images/Plant20organisms/Gree
n_algae/Chlorophyta_large.jpg, http//www.californ
iasciencecenter.org/Exhibits/WorldOfEcology/Forest
Zone/KelpForest/images/Island-kelp-forest.jpg,
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29
/Red_algae.jpg,
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Multicellular Algae

• Characteristic 2
• Lack vascular tissue

http//universe-review.ca/I10-24-vascular.jpg,
http//en.es-static.us/upl/2012/03/seaweed.jpeg
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Multicellular Algae

• Characteristic 3
• Some unicellular, some colonial, most
  multicellular

http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volv3
sm.jpg, http//www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/o_ulvlac.jpg
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Multicellular Algae

• Characteristic 4
• Reproductive cycles involve alternating sexual
  and asexual stages

http//www.biologyjunction.com/images/chlamydomona
srepro.jpg
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Multicellular Algae

• Characteristic 5
• Well-adapted to life in water
• Thin leaf-like structures (2 cells thick)
• Movement of materials into the organism is
  through diffusion
• No stems
• Ease of sexual reproduction

http//www.mrcorfe.com/KS4/Edexcel/Biology/B2-1-Li
vingCells/images/DiffusionCell.jpg
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Multicellular Algae

• Characteristic 6
• Adapted to life in the intertidal zone
• Cell wall of cellulose and gel-like sugar (slimy
  and rubbery)
• Some have CaCO3

http//www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_01_im
g0122.jpg
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Algal groups in phycology

• According to
• Chlorophyll and accessory pigments
• Form in which food is stored

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Division Rhodophyta (Red algae)
Chondrus crispus, Irish moss

• Habitat
• Some freshwater, most marine
• Polar regions, tropics
• Up to 260 m depth
• Pigments
• Chl a (all)
• phycoerythrin absorbs blue light
• appears green, pink, red, purple, black
• Food reserve Floridean starch
• Mostly multicellular no flagella and centrioles

Lithothamnion glaciale
http//www.biopix.nl/Temp/JCS20Chondrus20crispus
2015579.jpg, http//www.uwphoto.no/500/esv151cd22
1.jpg, http//media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2
011/10/porphyra.jpg
Porphyra ? nori
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Division Phaeophyta (Brown algae)

• Habitat
• Mostly marine
• Cool, shallow coastal waters of temperate/arctic
  areas
• Pigments
• Chl a and c
• fucoxanthin
• Dusky olive/yellow-brown
• Food reserve laminarin
• All multicellular largest and most complex algae

Macrocystis pyrifera, giant kelp
http//s1.hubimg.com/u/4873716_f260.jpg,
http//www.ohio.edu/plantbio/vislab/algaeimage/jpe
gs/Sarg.JPG, http//www.deepseaimages.com/dsilibra
ry/data/683/22003_0208_125426aa_1_1.jpg
Padina
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Phaeophyta structures

• Thallus (pl. thalli) sprout- plantlike seaweed
  body
• holdfast attachment
• stipe stemlike support
• blade surface for photosynthesis
• bladder flotation, keeps blades near surface

http//ez002.k12.sd.us/kelpai.jpg
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SEXUAL Reproduction in Fucus
Only multicellular part of the life
cycle
http//plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/images/fu
cuslc.gif
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DIvision Chlorophyta (green algae)

• Habitat Freshwater/marine/moist areas
• Pigments Chl a and b, carotenoids
• Food reserve starch
• Cell wall of cellulose
• Unicellular/colonial/multicellular
• Ancestors of modern land plants

Volvox
http//www.ruf.rice.edu/bioslabs/studies/inverteb
rates/invertimages/chlamy.gif, http//www.microsco
py-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volvoxbirth2.jpg,
http//www.aphotomarine.com/images/seaweed/green_s
eaweed_sea_lettuce_ulva_linza_17-03-09.jpg
Ulva
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Unicellular green alga

• Chlamydomonas
• Ponds, ditches
• 2 flagella
• Cup-shaped chloroplast
• Pyrenoid at base synthesizes and stores starch
• 2 small contractile vacuoles
• Eyespot
• Cell wall not made of cellulose

http//universe-review.ca/I10-68-greenalgae1.jpg,
http//silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other20
Algae/Green_jpegs/Chlamydomonas_Key100.jpg
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colonial green algae

• Gonium
• 4-42 identical cells living together but
  functioning independently
• Volvox
• 500-50,000 cells arranged in hollow spheres
• Most cells identical few produce gametes
• Oedogonium
• Threadlike colonies
• Holdfast cell attached to lake/pond bottom
• Asexual reproduction broken filaments divide and
  grow
• Sexual reproduction formation of gametes

http//protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyt
a/Gonium/sp_2a.jpg, http//anugrahjuni.files.wordp
ress.com/2010/02/oedogonium2.gif
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multicellular green algae

• Ulva
• Intertidal zone of marine habitats
• Truly multicellular
• 2-cells thick but tough

http//2.bp.blogspot.com/_bQO5DdNy04g/S_3l_CGS8rI/
AAAAAAAADgs/sCQ9cyg6lu0/s1600/i1023ulva.jpg
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Reproduction in chlorophyta
Haploid, N

• Alternation of generations
• Diploid ? haploid stages
• Asexual ? sexual modes of reproduction
• Asexual ? spore formation
• Sexual ? gamete formation
• Both are haploid reproductive cells

Diploid, 2N
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99
/Haploid_vs_diploid.svg
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Reproduction in chlamydomonas
(unfavorable conditions)
2N ? N
N ? N
Dominant stage
Fertilization/Syngamy
Isogamy
http//www.biologyjunction.com/images/chlamydomona
srepro.jpg
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Reproduction in ulva
Multicellular diploid stage with sporangia that
produce spores
2N ? N
N ? N
Multicellular haploid stages with
gametangia that produce gametes
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Ecology of Algae

• grasses of the sea
• home to marine organisms
• source of oxygen
• source of pharmaceuticals
• food products
• algin from brown algae
• carageenan and agar from red algae
• non-food products

Laminaria
Kombu