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Aflatoxins in Ethiopia

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... * Very low productivity Ethiopia Total crop ... Aflatoxin concentration in groundnut samples ... kg) Market ( g/kg) Babile 293 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Aflatoxins in Ethiopia


1
Aflatoxins in Ethiopia
  • Alemayehu Chala (PhD, Hawassa University)
  • Usha Kulkarni (PhD, Mekelle University)

2
Background
Ethiopia
  • 18 major and 49 sub agro-ecological zones
  • Various crops are produced

EARO, 1999
Total crop production (2008/09) 17.12 million
tones on 12.4 million ha (11.3 of total area)
Total crop production (2010/11) 22.5 million
tones on 13.5 million ha
Very low productivity
3
Aflatoxins affect at all levels of value chain
systems
4
Status of Aflatoxin in Ethiopia
  • Endemic in the country, due to predisposing pre
    and post harvest factors
  • Frequent end season drought (soil water stress)
  • Lack of resistant varieties???
  • Harvesting methods
  • Storage facility and conditions (sanitary level,
    pest, moisture level.)
  • Low or limited knowledge of Aflatoxin by value
    chain actors
  • Lack of regulation framework and monitoring
    facilities both at National and Regional level-
    Zero protocols, standards and regulations
  • Limited research/lab facilities and trained
    personnel

5
Institutions with food safety related activities
  • Ministry of Agriculture
  • Ministry of Health
  • Ethiopian Standards Authority
  • Institute of Nutrition
  • Food processing industry
  • Universities and research institutes

6
Recent activities in Ethiopia
  • Survey
  • Laboratory analysis of samples
  • Mycological
  • Toxin analysis
  • Field experiments

7
Laboratory capacity
  • Hilina Food Processing Company
  • Ethiopian Standards Authority
  • Nutrition Institute
  • Universities??

8
Earlier reports
  • A mean levels of aflatoxin B1 of 34.7 and 105
    µg/kg in samples of groundnut and peanut butter,
    respectively (Besrat Gebre, 1981)
  • Aflatoxin levels of 5 to 250 µg/kg in groundnut
    seeds (Ayalew et al., 1995).

9
Total aflatoxin contamination of samples from
East Ethiopia (Chala et al., 2013)
District Positive sample Negative sample Total
Babile 34 5 39
Darolabu 35 5 40
Gursum 24 17 41
Total 93 27 120
10
Aflatoxin concentration in groundnut samples from
East Ethiopia (Chala et al., 2013)
District Store (µg/kg) Market (µg/kg)
Babile 293 - 11,865 15 - 9765
Darolabu 15 - 4939 15 - 1977
Gursum 15 - 5563 16 - 10087
EU limit 4 µg/kg FAO/WHO 15 (µg/kg)
11
Total aflatoxin level in selected groundnut
varieties in southern Ethiopia (Chala et al.,
2012)
  Aflatoxin (ppb) Aflatoxin (ppb)  
Variety No. of fields Range Mean
NC-4x 6 0-2.13 0.78
NC-343 5 0.66-3.14 1.71
Roba 6 0-5.97 2.04
Sedi 9 0-2.96 0.62
Lote 7 0-2.68 0.85
Bulki 7 0-12.71 3.01
Werer-961 6 0-14.81 2.96
Werer-962 5 0-7.36 2.33
Werer-963 5 0-1.82 0.30
Werer-964 7 0-4.72 1.80
Tole-1 9 0-3.38 0.57
Tole-2 6 0-3.14 0.77
Fayo 5 0-14.08 3.85
Fetan 6 0-7.86 2.74
12
Conclusion and recommendation
  • Total aflatoxin recorded from each of the survey
    districts exceeds international standards
  • The current results should also serve as a wakeup
    call to create awareness on the aflatoxin problem
    in the country and possible remedies
  • Such studies will contribute to understand the
    full extent of the problem and also to work on
    appropriate control measures

13
Conclusion and recommendation cont.
  • Regular monitoring/ surveillance is needed
  • PACAs role
  • Contribute in developing standard protocols for
    the region
  • More awareness creation to improve the perception
    towards toxigenic fungi and associated mycotoxins

14
Conclusion and recommendation cont.
  • Focus on
  • Adjusting planting and harvesting dates
  • Sanitation of fields and stores
  • Sorting out damaged kernels
  • Proper storage conditions
  • Biological control
  • Education and regulation for safe groundnut
    production and processing

15
Metabolites present in sorghum samples (N70 for
Sorghum and 34 for finger millets)
Analyte Sorghum Finger millet
Major mycotoxins and derivatives 16 11
Fusarium metabolites 17 13
Aflatoxin precursors 8 8
Alternaria metabolites 6 6
Other Aspergillus metabolites 11 7
Penicillium metabolites 11 5
Unspefic metabolites 11 8
Bacterial metabolites 4 4
Total 84 62
16
Opportunities and Invitation to PACA
  • Design a model of integrating Agriculture,
    Nutrition and Public Health (consumption level)
    and Hospital based strategies to combat
    Aflatoxins
  • Private Public Partnership /investments in
    sophisticated infrastructure to manage outbreaks,
    monitor health risks, establish regulations and
    standards
  • Role of universities in PACA- Systematic research
    and dissemination
  • Filling up Critical Capacity Buildings in the
    area of FOOD SAFETY
  • Deepening of awareness of all stakeholders right
    from communities to Policy makers Awareness
    creations
  • Strategies for Integrated approach to develop
    capacity of Health Extension Workers
    Agriculture Extension Workers
  • Assessment

17
Aflatoxins Control in Ethiopia from Nutrition and
Health Perspective
  • Nutrition Education Programs and capacity
    building of Health Extension Workers and mothers
    development army at the community level
  • Behavior change Communication strategies and IEC
    materials combined with Awareness Creation
    campaigns
  • Inclusion of course materials on dangers of
    Aflatoxins on children, Opportunistic infections
    with HIV aids into Public health/Nutrition
    curriculum
  • Nutrition Screening, cooking/recipe demonstration
    and low cost diagnostic nutrition and food
    science lab in conjunction with Agriculture
    research in Aflatoxins
  • Designing One Health Concept Human and Animal
    Nutrition to control
  • Hospital based studies in determining aflatoxin
    level using human blood biomarkers

18
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