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Ancient Athens

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Title: Ancient Athens


1
Ancient Athens
2
Ancient Athens
Steps to Democracy
  • 621 BC Draco - Established first written legal
    code in Athens in which all people were equal
    under the law. Laws were harsh with punishment by
    death common.
  • 594 BC Solon - Reformed Code of Draco
  • Organized Athenians into four classes according
    to wealth. Outlawed debt slavery.
  • Established Citizens Assembly
  • Established Law Courts Any citizen could bring
    charges. Put nobles under the law.
  • 510 BC Cleisthenes - Extended democracy
  • Broke up power of nobility by dividing citizens
    into 10 districts based on location.
  • Established Council of 500
  • Extended citizenship to males over 18
  • Established Strategoi (Executive)
  • Reformed Jury system (lottery)

3
Athenian
Society
Citizens
Metics
Freedmen
Slaves
  • Citizens - Natural born Athenians. Both
    parents had to be citizens
  • Only citizens owned land and slaves
  • Only male citizens could vote and hold office
  • Citizens paid taxes voluntarily
  • Metics - Foreigners born as freemen
  • Merchants, traders, bankers, and professionals.
  • Many metics were wealthy. Heavily taxed.
  • Could not vote or hold office
  • Freedmen - Slaves who were freed by masters
  • Freed by masters or bought way out of slavery
  • Many freedmen became merchants and executives
  • Slaves - POWs, Criminals, Rescued Infants
  • Treated well. No military service or taxes
    required
  • Could accumulate wealth and buy freedom
  • Many were employed by government

4
Life in Ancient Athens
  • Education
  • Only wealthy boys were formally educated
  • Taught by male slaves and private teachers
  • At age 18, boys received one year military
    training
  • Girls were taught domestic sciences at home
  • Family Life
  • Marriages arranged by parents for child rearing
  • Men were usually ages 28-30, Girls ages 13-14
  • Women had limited rights. Couldnt vote or hold
    office
  • Upper class women stayed inside
  • Homes were simple. Wealth went to public works
  • Economics
  • Farming was an honored profession. Over half of
    citizens were farmers. Olives, Figs, Grapes.
  • Most other Athenians were merchants or traders
  • Manufacturing of textiles, crafts, clothing, ships

5
The Spartan System
Totalitarianism
Government
Education
Spartan Military
Social Life
Family
6
Spartan
Society
Citizens 32,000
Freemen 120,000
Helots (Slaves) 224,000
  • Citizens - Both parents had to be citizens
  • Descendents of Dorians
  • All land and serfs were divided among citizens
  • All Male citizens served in government and
    military
  • Freemen - Descendents of people conquered by
    Dorians
  • Lived and worked in outlying villages.
  • Subject to heavy taxation.
  • Could not vote, serve in government or marry
    citizens
  • Helots (Slaves) - Descendents of people enslaved
    by Dorians and Prisoners of War
  • Limited freedoms such as marriage and village
    life
  • Subject to military service and martial laws.
  • Death for rebellion or disloyalty

7
LIFE IN ANCIENT SPARTA
  • Education
  • Only boys were formally educated
  • Revolved around military
  • Boys were taken from parents at age 7
  • Received minimal literacy skills
  • Trained in weapons and virtues of strength,
    endurance and courage
  • Girls received vigorous physical training to
    prepare for motherhood
  • Family Life
  • Men expected to marry by age 30
  • Girls married between age 14-16
  • Marriages were often arranged by parents and were
    mainly to produce children.
  • Homes had bare essentials. No items of comfort.
  • Economics
  • Spartan economy based on farming by Helots
  • Freemen carried on limited trade with other city
    states
  • Little wealth spent on culture (art, drama, etc)

8
Spartan Government
Oligarchy - Government by the few
Legislative Branch
Popular Assembly
Council of Elders
  • All male citizens over 30
  • Elected Spartan officials
  • Voted on laws proposed by the council of elders
  • Two kings-military religious leaders
  • 28 men over age 60
  • Proposed new laws

Executive and Judicial Branch
Five Ephors
  • Elected annually by Popular Assembly
  • Unlimited Power
  • Limited to 1 year terms

9
ATHENIAN GOVERNMENT
Direct Democracy - Citizens participate directly
Legislative Branch
Council of 500
Citizens Assembly
  • Chosen by lot from males citizens over age 30
  • Proposed new laws
  • Served one year terms
  • Most powerful branch
  • Male citizens over 20
  • Voted on proposals
  • All member could speak
  • Power to ostracize

Executive Branch
Strategoi
  • Ten generals chosen annually
  • Commanded military and controlled finances

Judicial Branch
Law Courts
  • Jurors chosen by lot from citizens over age 30
  • Typical jury was 501 members - Majority rule
  • No lawyers or judges
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