Bell Work Wednesday 2/25

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Bell WorkWednesday 2/25

• Look in your book beginning on page 623
• to find the answers
• 1. What is the difference between the geocentric
  and heliocentric theory?
• 2. What did Isaac Newtons law of gravity
  explain?
• 3. What are the main steps of the Scientific
  Method?

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Enlightenment and Revolution

• Chapter 22

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Section 1-The Scientific Revolution
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The Roots of Modern Science

• Geocentric Theory-The theory that the Earth was
  the center of the universe
• Originally the idea came from Aristotle
• The Greek astronomer Ptolemy expanded the theory
  in the second century

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The Roots of Modern Science

• Scientific Revolution-A new way of thinking about
  the natural world by replacing old assumptions
  with new theories

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A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

• Heliocentric Theory-Copernicuss theory that the
  stars, Earth and the other planets revolved
  around the sun
• He published this theory in his book
  On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
  in 1543

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A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

• Galileo Galilei-Italian Astronomer
• Published Starry Messenger in 1610
• Wrote that Jupiter had four moons
• The Sun had dark spots
• The moon had a rough uneven surface
• Disproved that the moon and stars were made of a
  perfect substance

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The Scientific Method

• The Scientific Method-A logical procedure for
  gathering and testing ideas
• Step 1 Begins with a problem or
• question
• Step 2 Form a hypothesis
• Step 3 Test the hypothesis
• Step 4 Analyze and interpret the data
• Data confirms or disproves the hypothesis

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Newton Explains the Law of Gravity

• Isaac Newton- English scientist who developed the
  law of gravity
• Theorized that the same physical laws of motion
  governed both the planets and objects on Earth

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The Scientific Revolution Spreads

• Important scientific inventions and discoveries
• Microscope (1590)
• First red blood cells are examined (1670)
• Mercury barometer was invented (1643)
• Measures atmospheric pressure and predicted
  weather
• First thermometer is invented (1714)

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The Scientific Revolution Spreads

• Other important scientific inventions and
  discoveries
• Studying human remains advances the study of
  anatomy
• Late 1700s small pox vaccine is created
• The Sceptical Chymist (1661) by Boyle identified
  the worlds four main elements
• Earth, Wind, Fire, Water

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Bell Work Thursday 2/26

• Look in your book beginning on page 629
• to find the answers
• 1. According to John Locke what are the natural
  rights people are born with?
• 2. Who were the philosophes and what things did
  they advocate?
• 3. What was the legacy of the Enlightenment?

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Section 2-The Enlightenment in Europe
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Setting the Stage

• The Enlightenment- A new intellectual movement
  that stressed reason, thought and the power of
  individuals to solve problems

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Two Views on Government

• Social Contract-Thomas Hobbes theory that if
  people hand their rights to a strong ruler that
  they would recieve law and order
• Ideally an absolute monarchy that could impose
  order and demand obedience

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Two Views on Government

• John Lockes Natural Rights-
• He believed that people were born free and equal
  with three main rights
• Life, Liberty and Property
• The purpose of government was to protect these
  rights
• If the government fails the people have the right
  to overthrow it

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The Philosophes Advocate Reason

• Philosophes-Social critics in France during the
  mid-1700s
• They had five core beliefs
• Reason
• Nature
• Happiness
• Progress
• Liberty

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The Philosophes Advocate Reason

• Voltaire-
• Born François-Marie Arouet
• Published more than 70 books in his life
• Used satire against his enemies
• Targeted the government, clergy, and aristocracy

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The Philosophes Advocate Reason

• Montesquieu-A French baron who devoted himself to
  the study of political liberty
• His ideas about separation of power along with
  his theory of checks and balances became the
  basis for the U.S. Constitution

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Women and the Enlightenment

• Mary Wollstonecraft-
• Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women
• Felt that women just like men needed education to
  be virtuous and useful
• Her daughter Mary Shelly wrote Frankenstein

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Legacy of the Enlightenment

• People became more accepting of progressive
  beliefs
• Mainly scientific knowledge
• New discoveries were made in chemistry, physics,
  biology, and mechanics
• Religious beliefs were questioned and people
  developed more of a secular outlook on life
• More emphasis was placed on the individual within
  a society

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Bell WorkFriday 2/27

• Look in your book beginning on page 636
• to find the answers
• 1. What were the defining aspects of neoclassical
  art?
• 2. What new form of literature emerged during the
  18th Century?
• 3. Why were several 18th Century Europeans known
  as enlightened despots?

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Section 3-The Enlightenment Spreads
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A World of Ideas

• Diderots Encyclopedia-
• Dennis Diderot began publishing the 1st volumes
  in 1751
• They were a series of essays and article by the
  leading scholars in Europe
• The French government and Catholic Church banned
  the books
• Helped spread ideas during the Enlightenment
  throughout Europe

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Diderots Encyclopedia
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Diderots Encyclopedia
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Diderots Encyclopedia
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New Artistic Styles

• Baroque-European art during the 1600s and early
  1700s which was characterized by a grand ornate
  design
• Neoclassical-A simple and elegant style of art
  that barrowed themes from classical Greek and
  Rome

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Examples of Baroque Art
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Examples of Baroque Art
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Examples of Baroque Art
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Examples of Neoclassical Art
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Examples of Neoclassical Art
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Examples of Neoclassical Art
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New Artistic Styles

• Classical Music-Lighter elegant style of music
• Famous classical composers
• Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,
  Ludwig van Beethoven

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Enlightenment and Monarchy

• Enlightened Despots-Absolute rulers that
  embraced new ideas and made reforms that
  reflected the Enlightenment

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Enlightenment and Monarchy

• Frederick II-
• a.k.a. Frederick the Great
• Persian king who ruled from 1740-1786
• Enlightened Accomplishments
• Granted religious freedom
• Reduced censorship
• Improved education
• Abolished torture

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Enlightenment and Monarchy

• Joseph II-
• Ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790
• The most radical of the reformers
• Enlightened Accomplishments
• Introduced legal reform
• Allowed freedom of press
• Supported freedom of worship
• Abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be
  paid for their labor

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Enlightenment and Monarchy

• Catherine the Great-
• Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796
• Read the works of the philosophes and
  corresponded with Voltaire
• Enlightened Accomplishments
• Formed a commission to review Russia's laws
• She was not able to accomplish her major reforms
  so she instituted more limited reforms

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Enlightenment and Monarchy

• Catherine the Great-
• Following the serf uprising in 1773, she gave the
  nobles in Russia absolute control over the serfs
• Serfs lost all traces of freedom
• Her armies gained control of the northern shore
  of the Black Sea and expanded westward into
  Poland

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