HighSchool

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????????? 1MINERAL AND ROCK I

• ??????? ??.????? ??????????????????
• ???????????????? ??????????????
• ?????????????????????
• vichaic_at_yahoo.com

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Outline

• ???
• ?????????????
• ???????????????
• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)
• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)
• ????????

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??? (mineral)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????
????????????????????????????????????????? ????????
???????????????????

• ???? (Diamond) C
• ??? (Gold) Au
• ??????? (Quartz) SiO2
• ??????? (Calcite) CaCO3
• ??????? (Albite) NaAlSi3O8

???????
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????????????????????????????????????? ????????????
?????????????????????????????? ????????????
???????? ????????? (mineraloid) ??????????????????
???? ??????? (amorphous) ?????????????????????????
? ???? ???? (opal) ?????????? (obsidian)
????
??????????
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?????????????

• ?????
• ????????????????????????????? ?????
• ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ?
• ?????????????????????????????????????
• ???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????? ????
  ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????
• ??????????? ????????????????

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??????????????????????

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????
• ????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????? (solubility)
• ?????????????????
• ???????????????????? (flame test)
• ???????????????? (fusibility)
• ?????

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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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??????? (luster)
???????????????????????????????

• ?????????????? (metallic luster)
• ??????????????? (non-metallic luster)
• ?????????????? (vitreous luster)
• ?????????????? (adamantine luster)
• ??????????????? (resinous luster)
• ???????????? (waxy luster)
• ????????????? (pearly luster)
• ????????????? (silky luster)
• ??????????????????? (greasy luster)
• ????????????? (earthy luster or dull)
• ?????????????????? (submetallic luster)

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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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??????? (crystal form)
?????????????????????????
??????

• ?????????????? (isometric system)
• ?????????????? (tetragonal system)
• ?????????????? (orthorhombic system)
• ????????????? (hexagonal system)
• ????????????????? (monoclinic system)
• ??????????????? (triclinic system)

?????
?????
???????
??????????
?????
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??????? (quartz)
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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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?????????? (crystal habit)
??????????????????

• ??????? (acicular)
• ???????? (bladed)
• ?????????? (tabular)
• ??????????? (blocky)
• ??????????? (cube)
• ?????????? (prism)
• ????????? ( micaceous)
• ?????????????????

• ???????? (massive)
• ?????????? (dendritic)
• ????? (reniform)
• ??????????? (botryoidal)
• ????????????? (öolitic)
• ?????? (fibrous)
• ???????????? (mamillary)
• ????????????????

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?????????? (crystal habit)
??????????????????
????????????? (öolitic)
?????? (fibrous)
??????? (acicular)
???????? (massive)
????? (reniform)
??????????? (botryoidal)
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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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?? (color)
?? ??? ????

• ????????????????????? ???? ?????
• ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ???? ?????????? (tourmaline)
  ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????????????
• ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ??

• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak) ??????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????? (streak plate)

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???? (streak)
?? ??? ????

• ????????????????? ???????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????
• ?????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????? ????
• ???????? (???????????) ?????? ?????????? ????
  ?????????
• ???????? (??????????????) ?????? ??????????????
• ?????????? (??????????) ?????? ???????????
• ?????????? (??????????) ?????? ????????????
  ???? ????????
• ???????????? (????????) ?????? ????? ????
  ???????????

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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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???????????? (transparency)
????????????????

• ???????????? (diaphaneity or transparency)
• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ??????? (transparent)
• ???????? (translucent)
• ?????? (opaque)

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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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?????????????? (specific gravity)
Specific gravity is the density of a substance
divided by the density of water (1 g/cm3).
??????? (quartz) 2.65
?????? (pyrite) 5.0-5.2
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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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??????????? (cleavage)

• ????????????????
• 1 ???
• 2 ???
• 3 ???
• 4 ???
• 6 ???

• ????????????????????? (perfect cleavage)
• ????????????? (good cleavage)
• ???????????????????? (indistinct cleavage)
• ???????????????????????? (imperfect cleavage)
• ??????????????? (poorly cleavage)
• ???????????????? (no cleavage)

??????????
???????
??????
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??????????? (cleavage)
??????????? ?????? ?!?
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?????? (fracture)
?????????

• ??????????? (even fracture)
• ???????????? (uneven fracture)
• ??????????????? (conchoidal fracture)
• ??????????????? (splintery fracture)
• ????????????????? (hackly fracture)

???????
?????????????????
????????
???????
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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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???????? (hardness)
????????????????????
??? ?????????????????????????????????????
Mohs hardness scale
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???????? (hardness)
????????????????????

• Mohs hardness scale
• Talc
• Gypsum
• Calcite
• Fluorite
• Apatite
• Potassium Feldspar
• Quartz
• Topaz
• Corundum
• Diamond

Friedrich Mohs (1773-1839) German
geologist/mineralogist.Mohs, studied chemistry,
mathematics and physics. He started classifying
minerals by their physical characteristics, in
spite of their chemical composition, as it was
done before. He created a hardness scale that is
still used as Mohs scale of mineral hardness.

• ??????? 2.5
• ??????????????????? 3-3.5
• ???? ?????? 5-6
• ????????????? Mohs hardness scale

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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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?????????? (tenacity)
??? ?? ??? ??

• ???????????????????????????????????? ??? ??? ??
  ???????????????
• ?????????????? (sectile)
• ????????????????? (malleable)
• ?????????????? (ductile)
• ???????? (flexible)
• ????????????? (elastic)
• ????? (brittle)

?????
??????
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???????????????

• ??????? (luster)
• ??????? (crystal form)
• ?????????? (crystal habit)
• ?? (color)
• ???? (streak)
• ???????????? (transparency)
• ?????????????? (specific gravity)

• ??????????? (cleavage)
• ?????? (fracture)
• ???????? (hardness)
• ?????????? (tenacity)
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

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???????????

• ???????????????? ????
• ????????????? (magnetism)
• ?????????????? (double refraction)
• ?????????? (taste odor)
• ??????????????? (radioactivity)

??????????
???????
??????
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???????? (mineral groups)

• ???????????? (native elements)
• ?????????????? (sulfides)
• ????????????????? (sulfosalt)
• ??????????????????????????? (oxides
  hydroxides)
• ????????????? (halides)
• ???????????????? (carbonates)
• ????????????? (nitrates)

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???????? (???)

• ???????????? (borates)
• ?????????????????????? (sulfates chromates)
• ????????????????????????? (tangstates
  molybdates)
• ????????????? ??????????????????? (phosphates,
  arsenates vanadates)
• ?????????????? (silicates) ??????????? 6 ?????
• ??????????? (nesosilicates), ???????????
  (sorosilicates), ???????????? (cyclosilicates),
  ??????????? (inosilicates), ????????????
  (phyllosilicates) ??????????????? (tectosilicates)

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??????????