Big Idea

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Big Idea

• The ocean is important yet relatively unexplored

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The Science of Marine Biology
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logspot.com/2007/09/...
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Marine Biology

• Study of all living things in the ocean
• Involves chemistry, earth science , physics and
  biology

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Chemistry of Ocean Water

• Amount of dissolved materials-gases, salts,
  nutrients
• Novel compounds made by marine organisms- many
  marine animals cope with their world chemically
• Marine pollution and climate change -How
  atmospheres CO2 increases ocean acidity
• Chemical cycles-How materials are cycled through
  the oceans

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Chemistry

• Example- Researching changing pH of the oceans
  and its effect on marine life

http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e
/WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png
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Earth Science

• Plate tectonics
• Volcanoes, earthquakes, sea floor spreading,
  subduction zones all affect the shape of the
  ocean basins
• Coastal processes
• Waves and wind, storms all change the shape of
  our coastlines

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Earth Science
Ex- Mapping the sea floor with sonar and
discovering new volcanoes

• http//www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/09/the-la
  rgest-volcano-on-earth-discovered-beneath-the-paci
  fic-ocean.html

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• Aug-Oct 2006

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Physics

• Motion in the ocean-currents, waves, tides
• Move heat energy and materials around the ocean
  basins
• Interaction between the ocean surface and
  atmosphere
• Climate control, water cycle and earths energy
  budget

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Physics
Modeling underwater robot movement on the
movement of sting rays-which swim very efficiently

• http//images.sciencedaily.com/2013/11/13111315253
  4-large.jpg

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Biology
Ex.-Recent discovery offluorescent fish species
and possible uses in research

• http//images.sciencedaily.com/2014/01/14010900425
  9.jpg

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Importance of the Oceans

• Source of food
• 16 of all animal protein consumed worldwide
  comes from the oceans
• We are catching fish faster than they can
  reproduce
• 60-70 of fish types are in danger

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Estimates that 8-25 of what is caught is bycatch
that is discarded
http//scienceblogs.com/shiftingbaselines/2007/06/
national_fisheries_institute_r.php
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Importance of the Oceans

• Source of medicine
• Vitamin A and D from cod liver oil
• antibiotics from algae
• heart rate controllers from some fish venom, etc.

http//www.practicaltruisms.com/Images/Taceva20Pa
ge20Images/CodLiver-.jpg
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Importance of the Oceans

• Source of raw materials
• Oil, natural gas
• Drilling through the crust offshore
• Minerals, rare earth metals
• Interest in mining or vacuuming up materials from
  the seabed
• Environmental risks from these activities make
  both somewhat controversial

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http//www.labucketbrigade.org/img/original/offsho
re20drilling.jpg
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Importance of the Oceans

• Recreation and Tourism
• 6.3 billion dollars in Monmouth and Ocean county
  in 2012
• Revenue down 20-40 since Hurricane Sandy

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Importance of the Oceans

• Animal Models for Research
• Squid..nervous system
• Smart squid may unlock the secret of how animals
  and people learn
• Horseshoe crabs..sight
• "20/20 Foresight Studying Vision of Horseshoe
  Crabs." Robert Bazell, correspondent. NBC Today
  Show. NBCUniversal Media. 24 Sep. 1984. NBC
  Learn. Web. 5 September 2012.

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Can we put a number on it???

• Annual value of ocean resources is about 20
  trillion dollars

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Importance of the Oceans

• Climate Control
• Cycles heat, water and CO2
• Complex phenomena like El Nino and the North
  Atlantic Oscillation are caused by the ocean
  atmosphere connection
• Atmospheric Connection
• Gases are continuously moving between ocean and
  atmosphere
• Ocean phytoplankton account for 90 of world
  oxygen production

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The Historyof Marine Biology
http//www.aquarium.ucsd.edu/Education/Learning_Re
sources/Challenger/vessel2.php
http//www.siphonophores.org/images/3232_600.jpg
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Coastal people of every culture since the
beginning of time have accumulated knowledge of
the oceans

• Stone age- evidence of early fishing practices
• Egyptians- Hieroglyphic warnings not to eat
  puffer fish
• Early Greeks- Used electric sting ray for
  electric shock therapy
• Aristotle- first marine biologist ie- first
  written observations of marine life

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Early navigation and exploration aided in the
knowledge of our oceans

• Early maps
• Ancient Pacific Islanders
• 3 dimensional maps of sticks, shells and string
• First navigators (1200-250 BC)
• Phoenicians- circumnavigate Africa, built
  lighthouses)
• Vikings (1000 AD)
• Discovered N America
• Arab traders (1100s AD)
• Amassed knowledge of winds and currents

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http//thenonist.com/images/uploads/stckchrt11.jpg
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European exploration from the Renaissance on was
for trade and then curiosity

• Mid 17th to 18th century
• James Cook
• Used a chronometer (and accurate timepiece)and
  knowledge of latitude and longitude to make
  accurate maps
• Mapped out many islands in the South Pacific
• Benjamin Franklin
• Mapped out the Gulf Stream current in the
  Atlantic Ocean using observations from merchant
  ships

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• Comparing maps of Gulf Stream
• windows2universe.org

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19th Century Exploration for pure science

• Charles Darwin (HMS Beagle)
• Collection and recorded observations of animal
  and plant life from west coast of South America
  including barnacles
• Theory of Natural Selection
• Theory of formation of coral atolls

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19th Century Exploration for pure science

• Edward Forbes
• Founder of the science of marine biology
• Charles Thompson (HMS Challenger)
• Founder of oceanography
• Voyage collected sediment from ocean floor, water
  samples, collected and described 4700 species of
  marine life, recorded data on ocean including
  temperature, pressure, tides and wave action

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20th Century to present-Long term studies of
marine life

• Marine labs- permanent facilities for research
• Ex. NOAA labs in Woods Hole Mass. Sandy Hook NJ

James J Howard Lab Sandy Hook, NJ
nefsc.noaa.gov
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Marine Science Today

• Less than 5 of ocean has been explored
• Advances in technology have expanded our
  understanding of the oceans
• Study ocean from space to the deepest depths
• Problem solving approach of the scientific method
  is used to conduct research

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Technology is used for

• Transportation to study area
• Observing and counting
• Collecting organisms
• Measuring physical properties
• Studying movement
• Identifying and cataloging
• Compiling and analyzing data

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Tool Where its used How it works Data it collects Examples/Other
Remote sensors Satellites that orbit the Earth in space and observe the planet without any contact Passively collects information that is acoustic, photographic or EM spectrum and sends back information to computers temperature, ice cover, ocean productivity, sea surface height TOPEX/ Poseidon SEASTAR
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Tool Where its used How it works Data it collects Examples/Other
Submersibles Can dive to depths of 6500 m if manned and more if robotic Overcome bouyancy by filling empty chambers with water Used to observe, record and collect samples from deep ocean habitats. Used to recover and explore wrecks Trieste and Alvin -manned Jason and Argo-robotic Also called ROVs-remote operated vehicles
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Tool Where its used How it works Data it collects Examples/Other
SCUBA- A portable apparatus containing compressed air and used for breathing under water. Deepest dive was 135 m Divers breathe air from a compressed air tank and are able to stay underwater for several hours Aquanaut can conduct research underwater as if in a laboratory Divers must be careful when ascending. Ascending too quickly can lead to the bends
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Tool Where its used How it works Data it collects Examples/Other
Tags Attached to animals Records information and either remotely reports data or needs to be physically removed and data recovered Record video on a camera, collect data on the physical environment. Crittercam
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SCUBA

• A portable apparatus containing compressed air
  and used for breathing under water.
• www.thefreedictionary.com/scuba

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ROV

• Remotely operated, robotic submersible

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submersible

• Submergible. n. A vessel capable of operating or
  remaining under water.
• www.thefreedictionary.com/submersible

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Satellite

• An object launched to orbit Earth

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chronometer

• An exceptionally precise timepiece

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Unit Activities

• Future shark
• Critter cam movie
• El nino activity / Topex poiseidon
• Ocean drilling movie
• Earth Science oceans
• Poster
• Threats to the Ocean HW
• Study guide